TABLE 1.
Treatment strategies for COVID-19 patients with cancer.
| Treatment | Drugs | Significance | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutralizing exposed PS | Lactadherin | PS transport to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of the infected alveolar and ECs is one of the underlying mechanisms in the coagulation abnormalities of COVID-19. Lactadherin can improve the coagulation of patients | Argañaraz et al. (2020) |
| FXII inhibitors | 3F7 | The inhibition of FXII as means to inhibit the thromboinflammatory response incited by severe COVID-19 appears an attractive and rational therapeutic target | McFadyen et al. (2020) |
| FXI inhibitors | IONIS416858 | Prophylactic FXI inhibition has been predicted to be beneficial in VTE, thrombosis in end-stage renal disease, and for anticoagulation in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or hemodialysis | Carle et al. (2021) |
| Thrombin inhibitors | Dabigatran | Dabigatran is the first DOAC that has a direct reversible inhibitory effect on thrombin, which may be an alternative drug | Shnayder et al. (2021) |
| FXa inhibitors | Rivaroxaban | DOAC therapy compared to VKA therapy at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis demonstrates lower risk of arterial or venous thrombotic outcomes, without increasing the risk of bleeding | Rivera-Caravaca et al. (2021) |
| Anticoagulant | LMWH | Reports have suggested that LMWH treatment reduces mortality in COVID-19 patients with an elevated D-dimer or elevated sepsis-induced coagulopathy score | McFadyen et al. (2020) |
| Antiplatelet therapy | Aspirin | The use of aspirin during hospitalization for COVID-19 could be associated with lower mortality risk and shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, without increased risk of bleeding | Santoro et al. (2021) |
| Clopidogrel | Antiplatelet therapy, including clopidogrel, might be effective in improving the ventilation/perfusion ratio in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure | Santoro et al. (2021) | |
| Anti-inflammatory treatment | Tocilizumab | Tocilizumab is associated with lower mortality and other clinically relevant outcomes in hospitalized patients with moderate-to-critical COVID-19 | Kyriakopoulos et al. (2021) |
| Anakinra | Treatment with anakinra reduces both the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality risk of hospitalized non-intubated patients with COVID-19 without increasing the risk of adverse events | Barkas et al. (2021) | |
| Immunomodulation | Corticosteroids | Moderate-certainty evidence shows that systemic corticosteroids probably slightly reduce all-cause mortality in people hospitalized because of symptomatic COVID-19 | Wagner et al. (2021) |
| Vaccine | — | The currently approved vaccines have been extremely effective in preventing COVID-19, particularly severe disease. However, viral mutations compromises vaccine efficacy | Tregoning et al. (2021) |
Abbreviations: PS, phosphatidylserine; ECs, endothelial cells; FXII, factor XII; FXI, factor XI; FXa, activated factor X; ALMWH, low molecular weight heparin.