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. 2022 Jan 12;9:810118. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.810118

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Copyright © 2022 Matsumura, Noda, Satouh, Morohoshi, Yuri, Ogawa, Lu, Isotani and Ikawa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mutant sperm lacking the novel fusion-related genes bind to the oolemma after the acrosome reaction. (A) Observation of the binding between WT eggs and WT or Fimp, Sof1, Tmem95, and Spaca6 KO spermatozoa. The acrosome-reacted sperm on the oolemma are indicated by the fluorescence signals of IZUMO1. Scale bar = 50 µm. (B) The numbers of total oolemma-bound spermatozoa. WT and Sof1 Het mouse sperm were used as control. (C) The ratio of the acrosome-reacted sperm to the total oolemma-bound sperm. WT and Sof1 Het mouse sperm were used as control.