Table 1.

Biomarker of metabolic reprogramming in GC.

	Biomarker	Function	Locations	Impactions in GC	Clinical Significance in GC
Aerobic glycolysis	GLUT 3 (12)	Rate-limiting glucose transport	Cytoplasm	Infiltration and polarization in GC TAM	TNM stage, DFS, OS
	ENO1 (13)	Catalyzing the conversion of 2-PG to PEP	Cytoplasm, Cell membrane	Regulation the stem cell-like characteristics	Infiltration depth, Stage, OS
	GRINA (14)	Glutamate Receptor	Membrane	Enhancing the glycolytic metabolism	Histological differentiation, TNM stage, Metastasis, Vessel invasion, perineuronal invasion
Glutamine consumption	SLC1A3 (15)	Glutamate transporter	Mitochondria, Nuclear	Increasing aspartate import in hypoxia	Histological differentiation, TNM stage
	GGCT (16)	Catalyzing the γ-glutamyl peptides to generates 5-oxoproline and free AAs	Cytosol, Extracellular exosome	Inhibition cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis (17)	Histological grade, LNM, TNM stage
	SLC1A5 (18)	Glutamine transporter	Plasma membrane	Inhibition of glutamine synthetase to reduce GC cell proliferation and resistance	Local invasion, LNM, TNM stages, Ki-67 expression
Lipid biosynthesis	SCD-1 (19)	Conversion of saturated FAs to monounsaturated FA	Endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Enhancing the tumor growth, migration, anti-ferroptosis	TNM stage, LNM, OS,
	LPCAT1 (20)	Composition of plasma membrane (21)	Endoplasmic reticulum membrane.	The conversion of LPC to PC	Tumor depth, LNM, TNM stage
	Rev-erbα (22)	Lipid metabolism nuclear receptor	Nucleus, Cytoplasm	The inhibition of proliferation by reducing glycolytic flux and PPP	TMN stage

2-PG, 2-phosphoglycerate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; FAs, Fatty acids; AAs, amino acids; LNM, lymph node metastasis; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway.