Table 2.
Anti-inflammatory effect of acupuncture on ST36 in digestive system.
| Author | Year | Mouse Model | Acupuncture Method | Target | Inflammatory Markers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang Z, et al. (22) | 2021 | BALB/c mice with breast tumors | 2/15-Hz electroacupuncture (EA) | Spleen | Proportions of CD8+ T cells (CD3e+CD8a+) △ Proportions of NK cells (CD3e−CD49b+) △ Proportions of MDSCs (CD11b+Gr-1+) ▽ |
| Zhang L, et al. (27) | 2021 | Caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) | 2/15-Hz EA | Pancreas | LF/HF of HRV ▽ Histology score (edema, inflammation, acinar necrosis, hemorrhage) ▽ Percentage of CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils, percentage of CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages ▽ Percentage of α7nAchR+ macrophages △ |
| Pancreatic duct ligation (PDL)-induced pancreatitis | 2/15-Hz EA | Pancreas | Histology score (edema, inflammation, acinar necrosis, hemorrhage) ▽ | ||
| Chen Y, et al. (69) | 2021 | Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal inflammation | 100-Hz, 25-Hz, 5-Hz EA | Distal colon | Tryptase+ cell expression (tryptase-positive area) ▽ Activated mast cell expression (mast cell activation rate) ▽ TrkA+ expression area (TrkA-positive area) ▽ TrkA protein expression ▽ NGF protein expression ▽ TRPV1+PGP9.5+ neurons expression (TRPV1/PGP.5-positive area) ▽ |
| Li Y, et al. (28) | 2021 | Ischemia–reperfusion (gut ischemia) | 10-Hz EA | Intestine | MPO* ▽ MDA ▽ |
| Wang L, et al. (33) | 2020 | DSS-induced chronic colitis | 10-Hz EA 100-Hz EA |
Colon | IL-10 protein expression △ TNF-α protein, mRNA expression ▽ IL-1β protein, mRNA expression ▽ iNOS protein, mRNA expression ▽ IL-6 mRNA expression ▽ ZO-1, Occludin, E-cadherin protein expression △ ZO-1, Occludin, MUC2 protein, mRNA expression △ The number of TUNEL-positive and apoptotic cells ▽ Ki67-positive IECs (intestinal epithelial cells) proliferation ▽ P-ERK1, 2, P-JNK, P-p38, P-STAT3 protein expression △ |
| Yang NN, et al. (34) | 2020 | Postoperative ileus (POI) model | 2-Hz, 10-Hz, 30-Hz, 100-Hz EA | Intestine | MPO activity ▽ |
| Jin H, et al. (37) | 2019 | Intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) | 25-Hz EA 5-Hz EA |
Colon tissue | MPO activity ▽ |
| Song S, et al. (38) | 2019 | DSS-induced acute colitis | 10-Hz EA 100-Hz EA |
Colon | IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17 protein ▽ IL-12 protein △ IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, iNOS (M1-associated genes) mRNA ▽ IL-10 mRNA △ |
| Colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) | CD206, Arg-1, FIZZ1 (M2-associated genes) in macrophages △ CD16/32+ (M1 macrophage) activation ▽ |
||||
| Colonic tissue macrophages | CD206+CD16/32− (M2 macrophage) activation △ NLRP3 protein, cleaved IL-1B, cleaved caspase1 ▽ NLRP3 mRNA, IL-1β mRNA ▽ MOD of NLRP3 (NLRP3 activation) ▽ MOD of HO-1 (HO-1 secretion) △ |
||||
| Wang Z, et al. (39) | 2019 | 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) | 2-Hz EA | Rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) | CB2R mRNA, protein △ Mast cell infiltration ▽ β-Hexosaminidase, histamine release ▽ p-p38 protein expression ▽ |
| Wang Z, et al. (70) | 2018 | DNFB-induced ACD | 2-Hz EA | IL-33-obtained RPMCs | IL-6, TNF-α, IL-13, MCP-1 ▽ |
| Cytosol of peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) | IkBa expression △ p-IKKa/B, p-P38 expression ▽ |
||||
| Nucleus of peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) | NF-κB p65, p-c-Jun expression ▽ miR-155 expression ▽ |
||||
| Tian L, et al. (42) | 2018 | Streptozotocin (STZ)-injected type 1 diabetic mellitus | 10-Hz EA 100-Hz EA |
Stomach tissue | Mean density of ICC-MY △ HO-1 protein expression △ HO-1 relative mRNA expression △ F4/80 (HO-1-positive macrophages) △ IL-10 protein △ IL-10 relative mRNA expression △ CD163 mRNA expression △ Arg-1* mRNA expression △ iNOS mRNA expression ▽ |
| Geng Y, et al. (45) | 2017 | Intestinal ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury | 2/100-Hz EA | Small intestine | α7nAChR* mRNA expression △ NF-κB p65 ▽ |
| Geng Y, et al. (50) | 2016 | Intestinal I/R injury | 2/100-Hz EA | Intestinal crypt cells | Ki67 proliferation index △ |
| Distal ileum mucosa | SDF-1 mRNA expression △ CXCR4 mRNA expression △ EGF mRNA expression △ EGFR mRNA expression △ NF-κB p65 mRNA expression ▽ |
||||
| Liu M, et al. (49) | 2016 | Chronic psychological stress (CPS) model | 2/15-Hz EA | Intestine tissue | Number of ICCs* △ Synapses of ICCs △ IOD* of ICCs △ |
| Du MH, et al. (71) | 2015 | Intra-abdominal adhesion formation | 2/100-Hz EA | Cecal adhesive tissue | TNF-α ▽ VEGF ▽ CD31+ ▽ Microvessel count ▽ |
| Hu S, et al. (53) | 2015 | Hemorrhagic shock (HS) | 2/100-Hz EA | Intestine (intestinal extracts) | GFAP* expression △ GFAP mRNA expression △ TNF-α level ▽ ZO*-1 protein expression △ |
| Zhu MF, et al. (52) | 2015 | CLP-induced sepsis model | 2/100-Hz EA | Intestinal mucosa cells | sIgA level △ Percentage of CD3+ T lymphocytes △ Percentage of r/d T lymphocytes △ Percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes △ Percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes △ Ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells △ |
| Goes AC, et al. (72) | 2014 | Colitis induced by TNBS | 100-Hz EA | Intestine tissue (colon tissue) | MPO activity ▽ IL-1β concentration ▽ IL-10 concentration △ iNOS expression ▽ MDA concentration ▽ |
| Peng MF, et al. (57) | 2014 | Laparotomy-operated rats | 5/20-Hz EA | Intestinal segments | Slow-wave myoelectric activity (amplitude, frequency) △ c-Kit protein expression △ |
| Zhang L, et al. (73) | 2014 | Postoperative abdominal adhesion formation | 2/100-Hz EA | Cecum | TNF-α level ▽ NO level ▽ NOS* activity ▽ |
| Xue QM, et al. (58) | 2014 | Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) model | 2/100-Hz EA | Pancreas | Necrosis, hemorrhage, leukocyte infiltration ▽ |
| Du MH, et al. (60) | 2013 | HS | 2/100-Hz EA | Intestine | TNF-α ▽ IL-6 ▽ IL-10 △ ZO-1 protein expression △ Intestinal histology ▽ |
| Hu S, et al. (61) | 2013 | Intestinal I/R model | 2/100-Hz EA | Intestine (distal ileum) | TNF-α ▽ IL-8 ▽ Intestinal ZO-1 protein expression △ |
| Aguiar DN, et al. (74) | 2012 | BALB/c mice with LPS or L. major infection | 15/30-Hz EA | Peritoneal cells | Urea production △ Arginase activity △ NO production ▽ Number of parasites-infected macrophages △ |
| Peritoneal macrophages | IL-4 receptor expression △ | ||||
| Xu X, et al. (75) | 2012 | Formaldehyde-induced stomachache (visceral pain) | 4/16-Hz EA | Pyloric sphincter | NOS absorbance △ AChE absorbance △ VIP absorbance △ CGRP* absorbance ▽ |
| An HJ, et al. (65) | 2007 | Cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced acute pancreatitis | 100-Hz EA 2-Hz EA |
Pancreas | HSP60 expression △ HSP72 expression △ TNF-α, IL-1β ▽ |
| Tian L, et al. (68) | 2003 | TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) | 2-Hz EA | Colon (colonic tissue) | MPO activity ▽ TNF-α mRNA expression ▽ |
*MPO, myeloperoxidase; Arg-1,arginase-1; α7nAChR, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; ICCs, interstitial cell of Cajal; IOD, integrated optical density; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; ZO, zona occludens; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide.