Table 3.
Anti-inflammatory effect of acupuncture on ST36 in nervous system.
| Author | Year | Mouse Model | Acupuncture Method | Target | Inflammatory Markers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhao P, et al. (76) | 2021 | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) | 2-Hz electroacupuncture (EA) | Spinal cord white matter | Number of inflammatory cells ▽ Percentage area of demyelination ▽ |
| Brain | T-bet expression, RORrt expression ▽ infiltration of CD4+ T cells ▽ |
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| Hypothalamus | POMC* △ MiR-155 expression ▽ |
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| Cerebral cortex | POMC expression △ MiR-155 expression ▽ |
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| Zhang Z, et al. (22) | 2021 | BALB/c mice with breast tumors | 2/15-Hz EA | ChAT+ (choline acetyltransferase-positive) neurons in DMV (dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus) | Expression levels of c-Fos △ |
| Chen Y, et al. (69) | 2021 | Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal inflammation | 100-Hz, 25-Hz, 5-Hz EA | S2–3 dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) | TRPV1+ ganglion cell expression (TRPV1-positive area) ▽ |
| Zhao YX, et al. (35) | 2020 | Pentoxifylline (PTX)-injected mechanical allodynia (PTX-induced neuropathic pain) | 10-Hz EA | Lumbar spinal cord | GFAP protein expression ▽ TMEM119 protein expression ▽ TLR4 protein expression ▽ NF-κB p65 protein expression ▽ IL-1β ▽ TNF-α ▽ |
| Li Y, et al. (77) | 2019 | Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain | 2-Hz EA | Lumbar spinal cord | CX3CL1 expression ▽ Phospho-p38 MAPK level ▽ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α ▽ |
| Kim S, et al. (78) | 2018 | Chronic overlapping pain conditions | Manual acupuncture (MA) | Spinal cord | p-p38 expression ▽ Astrogliosis marker GFAP expression (astrocytes activation) ▽ |
| Lim HD, et al. (48) | 2016 | Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration endotoxemia | MA 1-Hz EA |
Brain tissue (brain stem transverse section) | Number of c-Fos cells ▽ |
| Huang CP, et al. (79) | 2013 | Carrageenan- and CFA-induced inflammatory pain | 2-Hz EA | L3–L5 DRG neurons | Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 sodium channels expression ▽ Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 protein level ▽ TTX-R* sodium currents △ |
| Chen WH, et al. (80) | 2012 | Carrageenan- and CFA-induced inflammatory pain | 2-Hz EA | DRGs | TRPV1, TRPV4 expression ▽ |
| Zhang Z, et al. (81) | 2012 | Carcinoma cell inoculation (cancer pain) | 2-Hz EA | L3–5 DRG | TRPV1 protein expression ▽ TRPV1 mRNA expression ▽ |
| Xu X, et al. (75) | 2012 | Formaldehyde-induced stomachache (visceral pain) | 4/16-Hz EA | Submucosal plexus and myenteric nerve plexus of the sphincter | NOS-positive neuron perikarya, enzymatic activity △ Number of CGRP-positive nerve fibers ▽ Number of AchE-positive perikarya and enzymatic activity △ Number of VIP-positive nerve fibers △ |
| Chen WH, et al. (82) | 2011 | Carrageenan- and CFA-induced inflammation | 2-Hz EA | Lumbar DRGs | ASIC3* protein ▽ ASIC3 mRNA ▽ |
| Gim GT, et al. (63) | 2011 | Neuropathic surgery | 2-Hz EA | S1 spinal cord | Microglial activation (number of OX-42+ cell) ▽ OX-42 expression ▽ Astrocytic activation (number of GFAP+ cell) ▽ GFAP expression ▽ MMP-9, MMP-2 expression ▽ Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) ▽ |
| Liu YM, et al. (64) | 2010 | Experimental autoimmune encephalitis | 1-Hz EA | Spinal cords (neural tissue) | Cellular infiltrates ▽ |
| Hypothalamus | ACTH △ | ||||
| Yang EJ, et al. (83) | 2010 | hG93ASOD1 mouse (inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)) | 2-Hz EA | Lumbar spinal cord (L4–5) ventral horn region anterior horn | Iba1 protein expression ▽ Number of Iba1-positive cells ▽ MAP2 expression △ Cell counts of NeuN-positive cells △ TNF-α-IR expression (number of TNF-α-positive cells) ▽ Active AKT, phospho-ERK expression △ Phospho-p38 protein, active caspase-3 expression ▽ |
| Facial nucleus of the brain stem | Iba1 protein expression ▽ Iba1-immunoreactive cells ▽ MAP2 expression △ Cell counts of NeuN-positive cells △ TNF-α-IR expression (number of TNF-α-positive cells) ▽ Active AKT, phospho-ERK expression △ |
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| Kim HW, et al. (84) | 2007 | Zymosan-induced inflammation | 1-Hz EA | Intermediolateral (IML) cell column of thoracic spinal cord | Number of ChAT and Fos double-labeled neurons △ |
| Sung HJ, et al. (85) | 2004 | Neuropathic pain model | 2-Hz EA | Hypothalamus | IL-1b converter precursor, porphobilinogen deaminase, calretinin, phosphorylase B kinase x catalytic chain, glial fibrillary acidic protein, Ras-related protein RAB-15, stress-activated protein kinase JNK3, IL-18 precursor, ubiquinone biosynthesis protein COQ7, protein-tyrosine phosphatase a precursor, proteasome component C8 △ Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein a isoform, cell division protein kinase 4, choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase, neuronal kinesin heavy chain, α-enolase, vitamin D binding precursor, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein-2, myosin regulatory light chain2, somatotropin precursor, fructose-biphosphate aldolase C (brain) ▽ β-Adrenergic receptor kinase1, kinesin light chain, 14-3-3x, rac-B-serine/theronine kinase, tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn △ |
*POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; TTX-R, tetrodotoxin-resistant; ASIC3, acid-sensing ion channel 3.