Figure 1.

Adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke according to the occurrence of pregnancy loss among 95 465 ever-gravid women (Nurses’ Health Study II, 1993–2017). In the age-adjusted model, age in months (continuous) at the start of follow-up and calendar year of the current questionnaire cycle were included as stratified variables. Based on the age-adjusted model, multivariable model 1 was further adjusted for White race/ethnicity (yes vs. no), parental history of myocardial infarction or stroke (yes/no), body mass index at age 18 years (<19, 20.5–21.9, 22–24.9, 25–29.9, or ≥30 kg/m²), and time-varying history of gestational diabetes (yes vs. no), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (yes vs. no), menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal, or unsure/biologically uncertain), current hormone therapy use (never, past, or current), breastfeeding duration (<3, 3–12, or >12 months), daily aspirin use (yes vs. no), infertility (never vs. ever), and marital status (ever/currently married vs. never). Based on multivariable model 1, multivariable model 2 was further adjusted for time-varying smoking status (never, former, or current), physical activity (0, 0.1–1.0, 1.1–2.4, 2.5–5.9, or ≥6 h/week), and Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 diet quality score (quintiles), and body mass index (<23, 23–24.9, 25–29.9, ≥30 kg/m²). PL, pregnancy loss; NA indicates not applicable.