Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Jan 25;10:16. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01192-w

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 4. — Network diagram depicting the global dissemination of WWTP plasmids. a Each node represents a plasmid, with different colors showing geographical locations of the plasmids. The curved lines represent the plasmids that are shared between different isolation sources. A representative MDR conjugative plasmid that may be transferred between different bacterial genus (Escherichia and Salmonella) across geographical and ecological barriers (i.e., detected in three Hong Kong WWTPs and a wet market in Singapore) is shown in the upper right. b Bipartite network of horizontal gene transfer among all plasmids (conjugative: 89; mobilizable: 45; non-mobilizable: 130). The location of the plasmids in this figure is determined using ForceAtlas2 as the layout algorithm by connecting the genomic units (i.e., plasmids) and homologous protein clusters (HpCs). This layout arranges the plasmids by the set of shared proteins among these plasmids and the broad-range determinants tend to lie in the center of the network. The shared ARGs are highlighted in vivid cyan, and different categories of plasmids are indicated. c Bipartite network of horizontal gene transfer among all ARG-bearing plasmids (conjugative: 48; mobilizable: 18; non-mobilizable: 38). The node color and the capital letter in each node represents the plasmid type (i.e., A: conjugative MPF_T; B: conjugative MPF_F; C: non-mobilizable; D: mobilizable), and the lowercase letter indicates the isolation source of the corresponding plasmid (i.e., i: influent; e: effluent)