Table 1:

Bio-conjugated nanomaterials for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 antigen or virus

Target molecules	Detection platform	Bio-conjugated Nanostructure used	Detection time	Detection Sensitivity	References
SARS-CoV-2 N gene	Colorimetric	RNA/DNA attached gold nanoparticle	10 minutes	.18 ng/μL	16
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	Colorimetric	Antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles	5 minutes	1 ng/mL	23
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	Colorimetric	MNAzyme - conjugated gold nanoparticles	5 minutes	90% for clinical samples	39
SARS-CoV-2 S, N & P gene	Colorimetric	Antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles	20 minutes	95% for clinical samples	21
SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibodies	Colorimetric based Lateral Flow	Nucleoprotein attached gold nanoparticles	15 minutes	93% for clinical samples	27
SARS-CoV-2 RNA	Colorimetric CRISPR/Cas	RNA/DNA attached gold nanoparticle	15 minutes	95.2% for clinical samples	22
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	SERS	Antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles	10 minutes	4 pg/mL	23
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	SERS	Antibody attached graphene	15 minutes	3.75 fg/mL	38
SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibodies	SERS based LFA	Antigen attached SiO2@Ag nanoparticle	20 minutes	100% for clinical samples	35
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	SERS	Antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles	20 minutes	87.7% clinical sample	42
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	NSET	Aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles	10 minutes	130 fg/mL	24
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	Fluorescence	ACE2 attached SWCNT	90 minutes	12.6 nM	37
SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM	Fluorescence based LFA	Antigen/SiO2@Au@QD nanobeads	15 minutes	100% for clinical samples	28
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	NSET	Antibody coated quantum dots	20 minutes	200 fg/mL	30
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	Field effect transistor	Antibody coated MXene-graphene	50 seconds	1 fg/mL	36
SARS-CoV-2 RNA	RT-PCR		6 hours	97% for clinical samples	8
SARS-CoV-2 RNA	CRISPR-Cas		40 minutes	95% for clinical samples	11
SARS-CoV-2 antigen	LFA		15 minutes	95% for clinical samples	8