Figure 2.

Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of child mortality per $10\text{-}{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increase of ambient ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure, according to subgroup analysis for the two-exposure models for children $<5\text{\hspace{0.17em}years of age}$ in the Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS, also known as the National Family Health Survey 2015–2016 (NFHS-4)] in India. Adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for all-cause child mortality are shown for $10\text{-}{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increases in ambient ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure during both (A) in utero and (B) post-delivery lifetime periods, stratified on subgroups by individual and household-level covariates. Some error bars and points are off the limits outside the image. All numerical values can be found in Table S8. All model specifications are the same as for the main analysis except for the subgroup analysis of low birth weight (LBW), which is not included in the main analysis. Red circles (A) represent effects of in utero ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure, and blue triangles (B) represent the effects of post-delivery lifetime average ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure. $p$-Values for testing differences among strata for each stratifying variable are listed. Note: ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, particulate matter $\le 2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$ in aerodynamic diameter (fine particulate matter); Q, quartile; SHS, secondhand smoking.