Table 3.

Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of neonatal ($<1\text{\hspace{0.17em}month}$), infant ($<12\text{\hspace{0.17em}months}$), and child ($<60\text{\hspace{0.17em}months}$) mortality per $10\text{-}{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increase of ambient ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure for children $<5\text{\hspace{0.17em}years of age}$ in the Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS, also known as the National Family Health Survey 2015–2016 (NFHS-4)] in India.

Models		All-cause neonatal mortality ($<1\text{\hspace{0.17em}month}$ of age)	All-cause infant mortality ($<12\text{\hspace{0.17em}months}$ of age)	All-cause child mortality ($<60\text{\hspace{0.17em}month}$ of age)
Deaths ($n$)		7,520	10,862	11,559
Two-exposure modelsa	In utero ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$	1.018 (1.001, 1.035)	1.021 (1.006, 1.037)	1.023 (1.008, 1.038)
	Post-delivery average ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$	1.017 (1.003, 1.030)	1.015 (1.003, 1.027)	1.013 (1.001, 1.026)
Single-exposure modelsb	In utero ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$	1.032 (1.019, 1.045)	1.033 (1.021, 1.044)	1.033 (1.022, 1.044)
	Post-delivery average ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$	1.025 (1.015, 1.035)	1.025 (1.016, 1.034)	1.025 (1.016, 1.033)

Note: Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for all-cause neonatal mortality, infant mortality and child mortality are shown for $10\text{-}{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increase of ambient ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ during 9-month in utero period before child birth and post-delivery periods. Models stratified on child sex, birth month and year, geographical zone (927 strata), adjusted for birth order, multibirth, birth location, mother’s age, height, marital, education, maternal smoking, household wealth, secondhand smoking, cooking fuel, improved toilet, urban or rural location of households, monthly temperature, monthly precipitation. ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, particulate matter $\le 2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$ in aerodynamic diameter (fine particulate matter).

^a Two-exposure models include both ambient ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure during 9-month in utero period before child birth and post-delivery lifetime average until death, or censoring.

^b Single-exposure models include either one of ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure during 9-month in utero period before child birth or post-delivery average until death, or censoring.