Table 1.

Patient- and disease-based factors for the identification of high-risk MM

High-risk features	Definition
Patient-based factors
Frailty status	IMWG frailty score Modified IMWG frailty score R-MCI GAH
Disease-based factors
Aggressiveness in the clinical presentation	Extramedullary disease (no bone-related plasmacytomas) Plasma cell leukemia LDH elevated
Cytogenetic abnormalities	del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16), amp1q, del(1p)
Mutations	TP53
Biochemical abnormalities	LDH elevated β2-microglobulin ≥5.5 mg/L Albumin levels ≤3.5 mg/L
Prognostic scores
R-ISS	R-ISS III: beta2-microglobulin ≥5.5 mg/L plus either LDH elevated or high-risk CA (del(17p), t(4;14), or t(14;16))

GAH, geriatric assessment in hematology; R-MCI, Revised Myeloma Comorbidity Index.