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. 2022 Jan 22;17:299–331. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S347187

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© 2022 Fakhri et al.

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The role of nanoparticles in combating NDDs-associated neuroinflammation, neuronal oxidative stress, and neuroapoptosis.

Abbreviations: Ag, silver; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ARE, antioxidant response element; Au, gold; CAT, catalase; CeO, cerium oxide; CeO2, cerium dioxide; COX, cyclooxygenase; Cu, copper; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Fe2O3, Iron oxide; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; JAK, Janus kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MgO, magnesium oxide; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NPs, nanoparticles; Nrf2, nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); Pt, platinum; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Se, selenium; SOD, superoxide dismutase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TiO2, titanium dioxide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; ZnO, zinc oxide.