Table 5.
Independent clinical predictors of proteinuria, hematuria, and pyuria in coronavirus disease 2019 versus influenza
| Variables | Dipstick Proteinuria | RBCs/HPF | WBCs/HPF | |||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |
| Virus type | ||||||
| Influenza (reference) | – | – | – | – | ||
| COVID-19 | 2.31a (1.23 to 4.40) | 2.33a (1.16 to 4.77) | 0.94 (0.50 to 1.75) | 1.27 (0.64 to 2.54) | 1.32 (0.71 to 2.46) | 1.78 (0.90 to 3.60) |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.09 (0.53 to 2.20) | 0.55 (0.27 to 1.08) | 0.52 (0.26 to 1.04) | |||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.87 (0.85 to 4.26) | 1.54 (0.73 to 3.29) | 1.07 (0.51 to 2.26) | |||
| CHF | ||||||
| No (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.04 (0.48 to 2.29) | 0.82 (0.38 to 1.75) | 1.55 (0.74 to 3.30) | |||
| CAD | ||||||
| No (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.37a (0.15 to 0.85) | 0.84 (0.37 to 1.89) | 1.36 (0.62 to 3.06) | |||
| CKD | ||||||
| No (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.00 (0.48 to 2.06) | 0.86 (0.42 to 1.75) | 0.79 (0.39 to 1.58) | |||
CHF, congestive heart failure; CAD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
a
P<0.05; Dipstick proteinuria (>2+), RBCs/HPF: >2, WBCs/HPF: >2.