Table 2.

Normalized cytokine expression in children with acute sinusitis according presence of bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx.

Common name	Gene name	Colonized with bacteria* (n = 118)	Normal flora (n = 51)	P-value**
			Median [IQR]
Pro-inflammatory
IL-6	IL6	3.9 [1.5, 18.0]	1.7 [0.9, 7.8]	0.12
IL-8	CXCL8	6.8 [2.3, 25.5]	2.2 [0.8, 19.4]	0.26
IL-17	IL17A	0.6 [0.3, 1.4]	0.9 [0.3, 1.6]	0.46
IL-22	IL22	11.2 [1.6, 44.1]	7.5 [0.3, 30.6]	0.40
IL-25	IL25	0.6 [0.1, 3.8]	1.5 [0.4, 13.4]	0.18
IL-26	IL26	0.5 [0.2, 1.0]	0.6 [0.3, 1.3]	0.20
IL-33	IL33	0.6 [0.2, 1.1]	0.8 [0.4, 1.4]	0.40
Anti-inflammatory
IL-10	IL10	2.0 [0.9, 4.3]	1.4 [0.7, 4.5]	0.56
IL-13	IL13	0.7 [0.1, 6.3]	1.8 [0.2, 27.4]	0.12
sIL22-RA	IL22RA2	4.2 [1.6, 8.0]	2.8 [0.6, 7.6]	0.26
Antiviral
IFN-α	IFNA1	2.1 [0.7, 8.5]	3.6 [0.9, 9.7]	0.47
IFN-β	IFNB1	3.5 [1.1, 11.7]	6.2 [1.7, 14.7]	0.40
IFN-γ	IFNG	0.9 [0.5, 2.2]	1.1 [0.4, 2.6]	0.58
IFN-λ	IFNL1	1.6 [0.3, 79.2]	3.3 [0.3, 234.0]	0.47

IL, Interleukin; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; sIL22-RA, soluble receptor for IL-22; IFN, Interferon; IQR, interquartile range.

^*Five children excluded due to missing values on housekeeping protein (GAPDH).

^**P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method.