Table 2.
Adjusted regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) in a multiple regression analysis for total CVD model and 11 dietary antioxidant micronutrients in adults from the United States, collected from the National Health, and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) database, 2003–2018.
| Micronutrients | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Vitamin E (mg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | 0.72 (0.65–0.79) | 0.70 (0.64–0.77) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | 0.76 (0.69–0.83) | 0.75 (0.68–0.82) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) | 0.75 (0.68–0.83) | 0.74 (0.67–0.82) | <0.001 |
| Retinol (μg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.87 (0.80–0.96) | 0.81 (0.74–0.90) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) | 0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.93 (0.85–1.03) | 0.89 (0.81–0.99) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 0.015 |
| Vitamin A (μg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.87 (0.79–0.95) | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | 0.68 (0.62–0.75) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.83 (0.75–0.91) | 0.71 (0.64–0.78) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.89 (0.81–0.99) | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 0.75 (0.68–0.83) | <0.001 |
| α-carotene (μg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.77 (0.69–0.84) | 0.76 (0.69–0.83) | 0.65 (0.59–0.72) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) | 0.82 (0.75–0.91) | 0.72 (0.65–0.80) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) | 0.74 (0.67–0.82) | <0.001 |
| β-carotene (μg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.83 (0.75–0.91) | 0.72 (0.65–0.79) | 0.65 (0.59–0.71) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) | 0.71 (0.64–0.78) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) | 0.77 (0.70–0.85) | 0.75 (0.68–0.83) | <0.001 |
| β-cryptoxanthin (μg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | 0.77 (0.70–0.85) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | 0.83 (0.76–0.92) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.92 (0.83–1.01) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 0.90 (0.81–0.99) | 0.012 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | 0.70 (0.63–0.76) | 0.66 (0.60–0.73) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | 0.75 (0.68–0.82) | 0.72 (0.66–0.80) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) | 0.81 (0.73–0.90) | <0.001 |
| Iron (mg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | 0.75 (0.68–0.82) | 0.69 (0.63–0.77) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | 0.74 (0.66–0.82) | <0.001 |
| Zinc (mg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.83 (0.75–0.90) | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | 0.73 (0.66–0.81) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) | 0.83 (0.75–0.91) | 0.76 (0.69–0.85) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) | 0.76 (0.68–0.85) | <0.001 |
| Selenium (μg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.84 (0.77–0.91) | 0.77 (0.70–0.84) | 0.65 (0.59–0.72) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | 0.70 (0.63–0.78) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | 0.77 (0.70–0.85) | 0.67 (0.60–0.75) | <0.001 |
| Copper (mg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.77 (0.71–0.85) | 0.72 (0.65–0.79) | 0.57 (0.52–0.63) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 0.78 (0.71–0.85) | 0.63 (0.57–0.70) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | 0.67 (0.60–0.75) | <0.001 |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; OR, Odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; O, quartile.
Multivariable logistic regression was conducted, and ORs were calculated while comparing the second, third, and fourth quartiles of each chemical with reference to the first exposure quartile.
Model 1 was adjusted as age and sex.
Model 2 was adjusted as model 1 plus race, education levels and poverty.
Model 3 was adjusted as model 2 plus smoking, drinking, BMI, total cholesterol, dietary supplement use, diabetes and hypertension.