Table 2.

Benefits of emergency department telemedicine

Benefit	Source	Ratio
Cost reduction	(Brainard et al. 2016; Gattu et al. 2016; Kelton et al. 2018; Kimmel et al. 2019; Pak and Pak 2015; Rogers et al. 2017; Salmoiraghi and Hussain 2015; Culmer et al. 2019)	8/18
Improved quality of care	(Bashshur et al. 2016; Eder et al. 2018; Gattu et al. 2016; Kelton et al. 2018; Nadar et al. 2018; Culmer et al. 2019; Guevorkian 2017)	7/18
Decreased patient transfer rate from rural centers to major centers	(Brainard et al. 2016; du Toit et al. 2019; Kelton et al. 2018; Winburn et al. 2018; Nadar et al. 2018; Culmer et al. 2019)	6/18
Reduced mortality rate	(Eder et al. 2018; Kimmel et al. 2019; Guevorkian 2017; Nadar et al. 2018; Lazarus et al. 2020)	5/18
Reduced patient treatment time	(Kimmel et al. 2019; Rogers et al. 2017; Nadar et al. 2018; Lazarus et al. 2020; Culmer et al. 2019)	5/18
Reduced time between first contact and treatment	(Pak and Pak 2015; Rogers et al. 2017; Guevorkian 2017; Lazarus et al. 2020; Culmer et al. 2019)	5/18
Cost effectiveness	(Brainard et al. 2016; Kelton et al. 2018; Ward et al. 2015; Guevorkian 2017; Lazarus et al. 2020)	5/18
Medical staff practice and training	(Gattu et al. 2016; Kimmel et al. 2019; Marsh-Feiley et al. 2018; Lazarus et al. 2020)	4/18
Quick access to specialist	(Gattu et al. 2016; Marsh-Feiley et al. 2018; Salmoiraghi and Hussain 2015; Ward et al. 2015)	4/18
Reduced ED overcrowding	(Gattu et al. 2016; Kelton et al. 2018; Winburn et al. 2018)	3/18
improved capability of rural centers	(du Toit et al. 2019; Ward et al. 2015; Lazarus et al. 2020)	3/18
On-site diagnosis and prescription	(Eder et al. 2018; Rogers et al. 2017)	2/18
Reduced return visits for unnecessary cases	(Bashshur et al. 2016; Winburn et al. 2018)	2/18
Providing remote specialist care	(Salmoiraghi and Hussain 2015; Ward et al. 2015)	2/18
Preventing medication side effects and medical error	(Bashshur et al. 2016; Nadar et al. 2018)	2/18
Better management of emergency conditions	(Eder et al. 2018)	1/18