Table 5. Chemical Compositions and in vitro properties of AnEO (Anise Essential Oil).

Chemical Composition	Sharifi et al., 2008		Topal et al., 2008		De Martino et al., 2009		Foroughi et al., 2016
trans-anethole	92.9		79.0				89.7
cis-anethole	0.1				97.1		0.4
estragole	2.2		3.6
α-pinene					0.3		0.1
anisaldehyde	0.1		0.7				0.4
α-himachalene			0.5
carvone	0.8
α-bisabolene	1.8
zingiberene	0.4
methyl-chavicol							2.2
3,4-dimethoxystyrene			5.2
α-gurjunene			4.0
limonene	0.8						0.8
fenchone					0.2		4.6
linalool			0.3		0.4
π-allyanisole	2.2
cis-dihydrocarvone	0.1
δ-element	0.1
aromadendrene	0.1
ar-curcumene	0.2
β-bisabolene	0.2
β-sesaquiphellandrene	0.1
α-terpinene			0.2
ylangene			0.2
elemene			0.2
β-caryophyllene			0.2
α-cis-himachalene			0.5
α-ethyl-π-anisyl alcohol			0.3
1-methylguanine			0.1
spathulenol			0.2
3-hydroxycarbofuran			0.8
ethyl oleate			0.9
methyl 1-phenylallyl ether			1.7
α-phellandrene					0.1		0.01
Δ3-carene					0.1
o-cymene					0.1
π-cymene							0.1
1,8-cineole							0.1
camphor							0.2
β-monopalmitate			0.2
di-α-furylmethane			0.2
Cultivation/experimentation area	Iran		Turkey		Italy		Iran
Extraction method/source	Hydrodistillation		Hydrodistillation		Commercial		Hydrodistillation
EO yield (%)	3.3		Not given		—		Not given
Antibacterial activity	NA		NA		Species	ZOI (mm) 490 µg/disk	Species	ZOI (mm) 31 mg/mL	MIC (mg/mL)
					B. cereus	6
					E. coli	0	E. coli	22	3
					Staph. aureus	0	Staph. aureus	22	7
Antifungal activity	Species	MIC (µL/L)	NA		NA		NA
	A. niger	2000 (1EC50=400 µL/L)
Antioxidant activity	NA		Method	Effects	Method	Effects	NA
			DPPH	AnEO showed 77.5% free radical scavenging activity, BHT (Standard) showed 91.4%	DPPH	AnEO showed 19% free radical scavenging activity

ZOI=one of inhibition; MIC=minimum inhibitory concentration

¹Half maximal effective concentration