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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 27.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021 Sep 6;18(12):792–804. doi: 10.1038/s41571-021-00546-5

Fig. 1 |. Activation of CAFs.

Fig. 1 |

Schematic illustration of various mechanisms involved in cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) activation. Potential cellular origins of CAFs include quiescent, resting or specific tissue-resident fibroblasts (stellate cells), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells and other cell types. ECM, extracellular matrix; ROS, reactive oxygen species.