Table 1.
Clinical and imaging characteristics of ICH patients.
| Variables | All | Without DWI lesions | With DWI lesions | p‐value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small | Large | p small | p large | |||
| N (%) | 305 (100) | 228 (74.8) | 61 (20.0) | 16 (5.2) | ||
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age, (years), mean (SD) | 59.5 (12.6) | 58.9 (12.8) | 61.3 (12.1) | 61.8 (12.1) | 0.175 | 0.382 |
| Male, n (%) | 207 (67.9) | 156 (68.4) | 39 (63.9) | 12 (75.0) | 0.506 | 0.785 |
| Vascular risk factors, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 243 (79.7) | 178 (78.1) | 51 (83.6) | 14 (87.5) | 0.344 | 0.566 |
| Diabete mellitus | 84 (27.5) | 56 (24.6) | 23 (37.7) | 5 (31.3) | 0.041 | 0.765 |
| Coronary artery disease | 54 (17.7) | 37 (16.2) | 13 (21.3) | 4 (25.0) | 0.351 | 0.575 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 9 (3.0) | 8 (3.5) | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0.740 | 0.972 |
| Prior ischemic stroke | 83 (27.2) | 54 (23.7) | 21 (34.4) | 8 (50.0) | 0.089 | 0.041 |
| Prior ICH | 52 (17.0) | 38 (16.7) | 10 (16.4) | 4 (25.0) | 0.959 | 0.609 |
| Smoking, current or quit <5 years | 108 (35.4) | 78 (34.2) | 22 (36.1) | 8 (50.0) | 0.787 | 0.201 |
| Body mass index, (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 25.2 (22.9–28.1) | 24.9 (22.7–28.0) | 25.4 (23.2–29.3) | 27.0 (22.9–29.4) | 0.315 | 0.218 |
| Previous medication, n (%) | ||||||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 164 (53.8) | 117 (51.3) | 38 (62.3) | 9 (56.3) | 0.127 | 0.703 |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 56 (18.4) | 36 (15.8) | 15 (24.6) | 5 (31.3) | 0.109 | 0.210 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 5 (1.6) | 2 (0.9) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (6.3) | 0.197 | 0.185 |
| Statins | 47 (15.4) | 30 (13.2) | 13 (21.3) | 4 (25.0) | 0.112 | 0.343 |
| Complication, n (%) | ||||||
| Deep venous thrombosis | 18 (5.9) | 8 (3.5) | 7 (11.5) | 3 (18.8) | 0.030 | 0.028 |
| Pneumonia | 89 (29.2) | 58 (25.4) | 23 (37.7) | 8 (50.0) | 0.058 | 0.065 |
| Stress ulcer | 20 (6.6) | 16 (7.0) | 2 (3.3) | 2 (12.5) | 0.438 | 0.752 |
| Clinical features | ||||||
| NIHSS at admission, median (IQR) | 5 (3–12) | 5 (3–11) | 4 (2–13) | 8 (3–13) | 0.632 | 0.397 |
| NIHSS change from admission to discharge, median (IQR) | 2 (1–5) | 3 (1–6) | 2 (0–5) | 1 (−1–2) | 0.091 | 0.001 |
| Initial GCS, median (IQR) | 15 (14–15) | 15 (14–15) | 15 (14–15) | 15 (14–15) | 0.680 | 0.547 |
| Time to MRI, (day), median (IQR) | 11 (6–16) | 11 (6–16) | 12 (6–16) | 8 (6–12) | 0.411 | 0.230 |
| Initial SBP, (mmHg), median (IQR) | 168 (153–186) | 166 (152–185) | 174 (164–187) | 185 (161–197) | 0.017 | 0.018 |
| Initial DBP, (mmHg), median (IQR) | 100 (88–110) | 97 (85–112) | 101 (95–110) | 100 (96–113) | 0.173 | 0.106 |
| Delta MAP, (mmHg), median (IQR) | 44 (35–54) | 43 (35–52) | 48 (38–62) | 52 (41–64) | 0.019 | 0.008 |
| Intravenous antihypertensive treatment in‐hospital, n (%) | 111 (36.4) | 83 (36.4) | 19 (31.1) | 9 (56.3) | 0.445 | 0.113 |
| Presumed etiology of ICH, n (%) | 0.163 | 0.136 | ||||
| Hypertensive angiopathy | 210 (68.9) | 153 (67.1) | 44 (72.1) | 13 (81.3) | ||
| Cerebral amyloid angiopathy | 36 (11.8) | 26 (11.4) | 10 (16.4) | 0 (0) | ||
| Anticoagulation or undetermined cause | 59 (19.3) | 49 (21.5) | 7 (11.5) | 3 (18.8) | ||
| Laboratory tests | ||||||
| WBC, (×109/L), median (IQR) | 7.4 (5.8–9.4) | 7.4 (5.8–9.1) | 7.5 (5.8–10.2) | 8.2 (6.0–10.0) | 0.593 | 0.558 |
| Neutrophil, ×109/L, median (IQR) | 5.3 (3.9–7.1) | 5.3 (3.8–6.7) | 5.5 (3.9–7.3) | 6.0 (3.2–7.9) | 0.490 | 0.654 |
| Triglyceride, (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 1.3 (0.8–1.7) | 1.2 (0.8–2.3) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 0.734 | 0.904 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 4.4 (3.6–5.0) | 4.3 (3.6–4.9) | 4.5 (3.5–5.3) | 4.7 (3.7–5.6) | 0.226 | 0.186 |
| LDL‐C, (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.6 (0.9) | 2.9 (1.0) | 0.472 | 0.206 |
| Homocysteine, (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 14.6 (11.8–18.6) | 14.6 (11.5–19.2) | 14.6 (12.7–17.7) | 13.5 (10.6–14.9) | 0.643 | 0.374 |
| HbA1C (%), median (IQR) | 5.6 (5.2–6.0) | 5.5 (5.1–5.9) | 5.8 (5.2–6.8) | 5.6 (5.4–6.0) | 0.025 | 0.176 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 6.3 (5.2–7.5) | 6.0 (5.1–7.5) | 6.5 (5.3–7.8) | 6.8 (5.9–7.6) | 0.178 | 0.084 |
| Fibrinogen, (g/L), median (IQR) | 2.5 (2.1–3.1) | 2.5 (2.1–3.0) | 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | 2.5 (2.3–3.7) | 0.369 | 0.285 |
| CT findings | ||||||
| Location of hematoma, n (%) | ||||||
| Deep | 219 (71.8) | 167 (73.2) | 39 (63.9) | 13 (81.3) | 0.153 | 0.682 |
| Lobar | 70 (23.0) | 51 (22.4) | 17 (27.9) | 2 (12.5) | 0.368 | 0.541 |
| Infratentorial | 21 (6.9) | 13 (5.7) | 7 (11.5) | 1 (6.2) | 0.196 | 0.928 |
| Intraventricular extension | 73 (23.9) | 52 (22.8) | 17 (27.9) | 4 (25.0) | 0.410 | 0.766 |
| Subarachnoid extension | 17 (5.6) | 10 (4.4) | 7 (11.5) | 0 (0) | 0.074 | 0.839 |
| Initial hematoma volume, (mL), median (IQR) | 7.8 (3.6–16.0) | 7.2 (3.5–16.9) | 8.0 (5.0–15.0) | 10.4 (1.0–11.9) | 0.316 | 0.537 |
| MRI findings | ||||||
| WMHs, Fazekas score, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | <0.001 | 0.135 |
| PWMHs, Fazekas score, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–1) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 | 0.168 |
| DWMHs, Fazekas score, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 | 0.153 |
| Moderate to severe WMHs, n (%) | 91 (29.8) | 56 (24.6) | 29 (47.5) | 6 (37.5) | <0.001 | 0.394 |
| BG‐EPVS, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 | 0.423 |
| CSO‐EPVS, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 | 0.531 |
| BG‐EPVS >10, n (%) | 104 (34.1) | 64 (28.1) | 34 (55.7) | 6 (37.5) | <0.001 | 0.603 |
| CSO‐EPVS >10, n (%) | 111 (36.4) | 72 (31.6) | 32 (52.5) | 7 (43.8) | <0.001 | 0.315 |
| Presence of CMBs, n (%) | 207 (67.9) | 144 (63.2) | 52 (85.2) | 11 (68.8) | 0.001 | 0.653 |
| Number of CMBs, median (IQR) | 2 (0–7) | 2 (0–5) | 4 (1–8) | 3 (0–11) | <0.001 | 0.290 |
| Deep CMBs, median (IQR) | 2 (0–4) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (1–6) | 3 (0–7) | <0.001 | 0.114 |
| Lobar CMBs, median (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) | 0.092 | 0.745 |
| Presence of lacunes, n (%) | 141 (46.2) | 94 (41.2) | 40 (65.6) | 7 (43.8) | 0.001 | 0.843 |
| Number of lacunes, median (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2.5) | 0 (0–2) | <0.001 | 0.759 |
| Total cSVD score, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–3) | 3 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | <0.001 | 0.364 |
| MRA findings | ||||||
| Distribution of moderate to severe cerebral artery stenosis, n (%) | ||||||
| Internal carotid artery | 20 (6.6) | 7 (3.1) | 4 (6.6) | 9 (56.3) | 0.375 | <0.001 |
| Anterior cerebral artery | 12 (3.9) | 9 (3.9) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (6.3) | 0.805 | 0.499 |
| Middle cerebral artery | 37 (12.1) | 23 (10.1) | 6 (9.8) | 8 (50.0) | 0.954 | <0.001 |
| Posterior cerebral artery | 28 (9.2) | 17 (7.5) | 7 (11.5) | 4 (25.0) | 0.312 | 0.041 |
| Vertebral artery | 10 (3.3) | 5 (2.2) | 4 (6.6) | 1 (6.3) | 0.184 | 0.337 |
| Basilar artery | 4 (1.3) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (6.3) | 0.114 | 0.127 |
p small value: patients with small DWI lesions versus without DWI lesions; p large value: patients with large DWI lesions versus without DWI lesions. ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; DWI, diffusion‐weighted imaging; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IQR, interquartile range; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; MAP, mean arterial pressures; WBC, white blood cell count; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1c; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography; DWMHs, deep white matter hyperintensities; PWMHs, periventricular white matter hyperintensities; BG‐EPVS, basal ganglia enlarged perivascular spaces; CSO‐EPVS, centrum semiovale enlarged perivascular spaces; CMBs, cerebral microbleeds; cSVD, cerebral small‐vessel disease.