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. 2022 Jan 26;12:1391. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05397-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Validation using cohort of older adults (≥ 65 years) from SAGES study. 20 of the 24 participants have AEP components, regardless of the noise masking protocol, and this N = 20 is shown here. (A) AEP components removed, averaged across all participants (N = 20; DLPFC after being unmerged from other conditions). (B) DLPFC condition TEPs/topography pre (black/above) and post (blue/below) removal of AEP components. Topoplots are greyscale if no peak is present at the indicated latency. (C) Cosine similarity index average between-subject (left; calculated from half of the grid, excluding the diagonal) and within-subject site (right; calculated as the average of the diagonal of IPL/DLPFC, sham/DLPFC, and sham/IPL grids) pre and post removal of AEP components. (D) TEP/topography of all mid latency components contributing more than 28% variance in mid latency window in sham stimulation condition (N = 16) from full group analysis.