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. 2022 Jan 26;13:524. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28185-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a A schematic diagram of right ventricular myocardium with undulated, preferentially oriented cardiac muscle fibers, showing anisotropic mechanical and electrical properties. Arrows indicate anatomically defined circumferential (CIRC) and longitudinal (LONG) axes. b Schematic illustrations of elastic matrices embedded with mechanically assembled 3D skeletons and integrated with crumpled conductive surfaces. c Optical images of the obtained elastomer composites with crumpled conductive surfaces on the bottom side. Scale bars: 1 cm. d SEM image of crumpled conductive surface coated with PEDOT: PSS. Scale bar: 50 µm. e Anisotropic, J-shaped stress (σ)-strain (ɛ) curves of rat right ventricular myocardium along with the circumferential and longitudinal directions, indicating good alignments with the results measured from the developed anisotropic elastomer composites. f Comparisons of the electrical resistivity between ventricular myocardium and crumpled conductive surface (the one shown in d) along the circumferential and longitudinal directions. Error bars in e and f are determined from three samples.