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. 2022 Jan 26;13:524. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28185-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Tunable electrical anisotropies controlled by applied prestrains on the x and y axes. SEM images of crumpled anisotropic conductive surfaces formed by applying prestrains of ε_x = 100% and ε_y = 0 (b) and ε_x = 150% and ε_y = 40% (c). Scale bars: 100 µm. Here, PEDOT:PSS is coated as surface conductive layers. d Electrophysiological sensors and bioelectrical stimulators based on the anisotropic elastomer composites. Scale bar: 1 cm. e EMGs (top) recorded from the related muscle (flexor digitorum superficialis) during programed electrical stimulations (bottom). f Continuous ECG recording from the human chest. g Magnified ECG signal, indicating clear P-wave, QRS complex, and T-wave. Direct comparisons (h) and Bland-Altman analysis with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) (i) of ECGs recorded using electrophysiological sensors based on anisotropic elastomer composites (red curve in h) and conventional Ag/AgCl gel electrodes (black curve in h).