Table 3.
Risk factors for P. falciparum infection in study participants.
| Risk factors | P. falciparum prevalence n/N (%) | Univariate analysisa | Multivariate analysisb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95%CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | P-value | ||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 2 to < 5 | 36/155 (23.2) | 1 | - | 1 | |
| 5 to < 10 | 131/244 (53.7) | 3.83 (2.48–5.91) | < 0.001 | 3.74 (2.68–5.22) | < 0.001 |
| 10 to < 15 | 85/150 (56.7) | 4.32 (2.19–8.53) | < 0.001 | 3.14 (1.20–8.21) | 0.02 |
| 15 to < 20 | 44/117 (37.6) | 1.99 (1.17–3.40) | 0.01 | 1.31 (0.81–2.12) | 0.28 |
| ≥ 20 | 97/533 (18.2) | 0.74 (0.51–1.07) | 0.11 | 0.45 (0.26–0.75) | 0.002 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 199/539 (36.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 194/660 (29.4) | 0.71 (0.58–0.87) | 0.001 | 0.79 (0.56–1.10) | 0.16 |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Gouin and Turka | 214/622 (34.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Karaboro | 65/226 (28.8) | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 0.09 | 1.02 (0.69–1.51) | 0.91 |
| Other ethnic groups | 114/351 (32.5) | 0.92 (0.63–1.34) | 0.66 | 0.95 (0.57–1.57) | 0.85 |
| Education | |||||
| Illiterate | 232/845 (27.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Literate | 161/353 (45.6) | 2.22 (1.92–2.56) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.93–1.44) | 0.20 |
| Occupation | |||||
| None / retired | 217/522 (41.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Farmer / pastoral sector | 171/657 (26.0) | 0.49 (0.38–0.65) | < 0.001 | 1.42 (0.94–2.17) | 0.10 |
| Commercial and Office worker | 5/20 (25.0) | 0.47 (0.18–1.25) | 0.13 | 1.16 (0.30–4.52) | 0.83 |
| Religion | |||||
| Muslim | 253/784 (32.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Christian | 56/172 (32.6) | 1.01 (0.61–1.67) | 0.96 | 0.78 (0.50–1.22) | 0.37 |
| Animist | 84/243 (34.6) | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | 0.43 | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) | 0.44 |
| Socio-Economic Status quintile | |||||
| Quintile 1 (lowest) | 79/237 (33.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Quintile 2 (low) | 81/238 (34.0) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.21 | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 0.82 |
| Quintile 3 (middle) | 84/239 (35.1) | ||||
|
Quintile 4 (high) |
72/235 (30.6) | ||||
|
Quintile 5 (highest) |
73/237 (30.8) | ||||
| History of travel in the previous 2 weeks | |||||
| No | 389/1177 (33.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 4/22 (18.2) | 0.45 (0.22–0.94) | 0.03 | 0.51 (0.30–0.87) | 0.01 |
| Slept under a bednet the previous night | |||||
| No | 44/111 (39.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 348/1087 (32.0) | 0.72 (0.47–1.10) | 0.13 | 0.47 (0.31–0.71) | < 0.001 |
| Eave construction of the sleeping room of the subject | |||||
| Closed | 258/789 (32.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Open | 59/198 (29.8) | 0.87 (0.52–1.45) | 0.60 | 1.55 (0.99–2.41) | 0.05 |
| Roof construction of the sleeping room of the subject | |||||
| Metal | 229/689 (33.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Thatch/mud | 88/298 (29.5) | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) | 0.26 | 1.10 (0.61–1.96) | 0.76 |
| Sleeping room of subject has a functioning lightbulb installed | |||||
| No | 67/223 (30.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 250/763 (32.8) | 1.13 (0.89–1.45) | 0.31 | 1.23 (0.78–1.93) | 0.37 |
| Sleeping room of subject has a functioning fan | |||||
| No | 301/913 (33.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 16/74 (21.6) | 0.56 (0.38–0.82) | 0.003 | 0.39 (0.18–0.81) | 0.01 |
| Animals tethered within 5 m of the house | |||||
| No | 298/922 (32.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 19/65 (29.2) | 0.86 (0.44–1.68) | 0.67 | 1.12 (0.54–2.33) | 0.76 |
| Use of topical repellent in last week | |||||
| None | 355/1089 (32.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 38/110 (34.5) | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 0.62 | 0.95 (0.42–2.12) | 0.90 |
| Use of household insecticides in the last week | |||||
| None | 290/913 (31.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 27/74 (36.5) | 1.23 (0.99–1.54) | 0.07 | 1.68 (0.79–3.61) | 0.18 |
| EIR (village-level) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.03 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.76 | |
| % mortality in WHO tube test against 0.05% deltamethrin | 1.65 (1.21–2.25) | 0.002 | 2.10 (0.82–5.37) | 0.12 | |
aAdjusted for clustering by village.
bAdjusted for clustering by village and all other factors in model.