Figure 10.

Cancer cell membrane-coated manganese dioxide (MnO₂) nanoparticles loaded with DiR (CMM-DiR) as a multivalent nanovaccine platform. A) CMM-DiR preferentially accumulates at the tumor site after intravenous injection due to homotypic targeting. At the tumor, the MnO₂ nanoparticles are rapidly degraded into manganese ions (Mn²⁺) for STING activation, while the remaining nanovesicles can undergo photothermal therapy to amplify antigenic release. Activated dendritic cells (DCs) can take up tumor neoantigens locally and trigger an antigen-specific immune response. B) Combination of CMM-DiR with laser treatment increases survival rates in a primary melanoma model. C) Growth of secondary tumors implanted after the removal of treated primary tumors is significantly controlled by the combinatorial therapy. D) Metastatic nodules in the lungs of mice intravenously challenged with B16F10 after primary tumor treatment are significantly reduced by the combination treatment. Reproduced with permission (Yang et al., 2021). Copyright 2021, Elsevier.