Table 1.
Characteristics, clinical course and complications of critically ill children infected with influenza virus with or without a bacterial co-infection (n=94)
| All Patients n=94 |
Influenza - No Bacterial Co- infection n=45 |
Influenza - Bacterial Co- infection † n=49 |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 60 (63.8) | 29 (64.4) | 31 (63.3) | 0.9 |
| Hispanic Ethnicity | 19 (20.2) | 10 (22.2) | 9 (18.4) | 0.6 |
| Race | 0.7 | |||
| White | 70 (74.5) | 32 (71.1) | 38 (77.6) | |
| Black | 17 (18.1) | 9 (20.0) | 8 (16.3) | |
| Mixed/Other | 7 (7.5) | 4 (8.9) | 3 (6.1) | |
| Age, years | 6.6 (2.5, 12.0) | 5.7 (2.1, 9.9) | 8.2 (3.3, 12.6) | 0.1 |
| Baseline Health Status | ||||
| Previously Healthy | 58 (61.7) | 23 (51.1) | 35 (71.4) | 0.04 |
| Asthma/Asthma Medications | 18 (19.2) | 12 (26.7) | 6 (12.2) | 0.08 |
| Other Underlying Respiratory Disorder | 5 (5.3) | 3 (6.7) | 2 (4.1) | 0.6 |
| Other Underlying Condition | 20 (21.3) | 12 (26.7) | 8 (16.3) | 0.2 |
| Influenza Virus Type | ||||
| Influenza A | 73 (77.7) | 37 (82.2) | 36 (73.5) | 0.3 |
| Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 | 38 (40.4) | 20 (44.4) | 18 (36.7) | |
| Influenza A H3N2 | 32 (34.0) | 15 (33.3) | 17 (34.7) | |
| Influenza A Seasonal H1 | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Influenza A Other | 2 (2.1) | 2 (4.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Influenza B | 22 (23.4) | 9 (20.0) | 13 (26.5) | 0.5 |
| Time to Presentation, days | n=91 3 (2, 5) | n=45 2 (1, 4) | n=46 3 (2, 5) | 0.2 |
| Secondary Complications | ||||
| Extracorporeal Life Support | 16 (17.0) | 2 (4.4) | 14 (28.6) | 0.002 |
| Moderate-Severe ARDS | 45 (47.9) | 18 (40.0) | 27 (55.1) | 0.1 |
| Shock Requiring Vasopressors | 54 (57.5) | 22 (48.9) | 32 (65.3) | 0.1 |
| Illness Severity & Outcomes | ||||
| PRISM III Score | 7.5 (3.0, 16.0) | 5 (3, 9) | 11 (5, 21) | 0.002 |
| Duration Mechanical Ventilation, hours | 137.4 (67.5, 271.0) | 133.5 (90.0, 213.0) | 143 (62, 356) | 0.7 |
| Duration PICU stay, hours | 192.5 (103.0, 340.0) | 174 (113, 297) | 236 (103, 389) | 0.3 |
| Hospital Mortality | 6 (6.4) | 1 (2.2) | 5 (10.2) | 0.2 |
| Ventilator Free Days | 22.2 (15.2, 25.2) | 22.3 (18.5, 24.3) | 22.0 (12.8, 25.4) | 0.8 |
†
Bacterial infections MRSA (n=12), MSSA (n=21), Group A Streptococcus (n=3), Pneumococcus (n=2), Haemophilus influenzae (n=2), Other (n=9)
Data are number (%) of children or median (interquartile range).
PRISM III Score: Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome
Ventilator Free Days: Days alive and free of mechanical ventilation up to 28 days