Table 1.
Identified miRNAs in clinical samples by profiling and their roles in pathology.
| S. No | Sample Type | Technique Used | microRNAs | Result | Function of miRNAs | Year | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Serum | miRNAs Profiling Assay | miR-361-5p, miR-889, miR-576-3p | miR-361-5p, miR-889, miR-576-3p were up regulated in tuberculosis. |
miR-361-5p targets SP-1 transcription factor, a key signaling pathway for IL-10. miR-889 are associated with respiratory system development. miR-576-3p involved in immune system development. |
2012 | [82] |
| miRCURY LNA array | miR-3125, miR-93∗, and miR-29a | miR-3125 was found to be down regulated miR-93∗, and miR-29a were up regulated |
miR-93∗ involves in promoting tumor growth by targeting the tumor suppressor gene Fus1 and integrin- 8. miR-29a is a regulator of Wnt signaling pathway genes and lipid metabolism. | 2011 | [83] | ||
| TaqMan miRNA array | miR-1249, miR-1178, miR-668, miR-220b, let-7i∗, miR-941, miR-212, miR-28-3p, miR-620, miR-532-5p, miR-17, miR-151-5p, miR-20b, miR-369-3p, miR-573, miR-1263, miR103, miR-182, miR-196b, miR-130b∗, miR-1284, let-7b | miR-1249, miR-1178, miR-668 were up regulated. miR-220b, let-7i∗, miR-941, miR-212, miR-28-3p, miR-620, miR-532-5p, miR-17, miR-151-5p, miR-20b, miR-369-3p, miR-573, miR-1263, miR-103, miR-182, miR-196b, miR-130b∗, miR-1284, let-7b were down regulated. |
miR-1249, let-7i, miR-28-3p, miR-103, involve in glucose metabolism. miR-1178, miR-668, miR-220b, miR-941, miR-151-5p, miR-573, miR-1263, let-7b play role in inflammation. miR-212 regulates the expression of SIRT-1 gene expression. miR-620, miR-532-5p, miR-17, miR-20b, miR-369-3p, miR-182, miR-196b, miR-130b, miR-1284 regulate cancer cell proliferation. |
2015 | [84] | ||
| Solexa Sequencing | miR-17-5p, miR-20b-5p, and miR-423-5p | miR-17-5p, miR-20b-5p, and miR-423-5p were up-regulated | miR-17-5p and miR-423-5p regulate cell proliferation. miR-20b-5p regulates wound healing process. |
2019 | [58] | ||
| Solexa Sequencing | miR-196b, miR-516b, miR-486-5p and miR-376c | miR-196b, miR-516b, miR-486-5p and miR-376c up regulated | miR-196b inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis. miR-516b, miR-486-5p and miR-376c target nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 and regulate inflammation. |
2014 | [43] | ||
| TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA) | let-7e, miR146a, miR-148a, miR-16, miR-192, miR-193a-5p, miR-25, miR-365, miR-451, miR-532-5p, miR-590-5p, miR-660, miR-885-5p, miR-223∗, miR-30e | Differentially expressed in serum samples | Let7e, miR-146a, miR-16, miR-223 modulates inflammation. miR-148a regulates B cell tolerance and autoimmunity. miR-192, miR193a-5p, miR-25, miR-365, miR-451, miR-532-5p, miR-590-5p, miR-660, miR-885-5p, miR-30e regulate cancer cell proliferation and invasion. |
2013 | [20] | ||
| Solexa Sequencing | miR-21-5p, miR-92a-3p, and miR-148b-3p, miR-16 | miR-21-5p, miR-92a-3p, and miR-148b-3p, miR-16 were up regulated in tuberculosis | miR-21-5p, miR-148b-3p regulates cancer cell proliferation. miR-92a-3p regulates p38 MAPK/NFκB pathway. miR-16 plays role as an anti-inflammatory miRNA. |
2017 | [33] | ||
| Solexa Sequencing | miR-378, miR-483-5p, miR-22, miR-29c, miR-320b and miR-101 | miR-378, miR-483-5p, miR-22, miR-29c were up regulated and miR-320b and miR-101 were down regulated in tuberculosis | miR-378, miR-483-5p, miR-22, miR-29c, miR-320b, miR-101 regulates cancer cell proliferation. | 2013 | [51] | ||
| Small RNA transcriptome profiles | let-7e-5p, let-7d-5p, miR-450a-5p, miR-140-5p, miR-1246, miR-2110, miR-370-3p, miR-28-3p, and miR-193b-5p | let-7e-5p, let-7d-5p, miR-450a-5p, miR-140-5p were up regulated in latent tuberculosis infection and miR-1246, miR-2110, miR-370-3p, miR-28-3p, and miR-193b-5p were up regulated in active tuberculosis infection. | Let7e-5p plays role in immune response in TB infection. miR-450a-5p inhibits autophagy, miR-140-5p regulates T cell differentiation. miR-1246, miR-2110 regulate cancer cell proliferation. miR-370-3p targets KDR/AKT signalling pathway gene and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. miR-28-3p regulates B cell lymphomas. miR-193b-3p regulates TGF-β gene. |
2019 | [40] | ||
| 2 | Whole Blood | Micro array | hsa-miR-150, hsa-miR-21, hsa-miR-29c and hsa-miR-194 | miR-150 was down regulated and miR-21, miR-29c, miR-194 were up regulated in tuberculosis | miR-150 negatively regulates natural killer cells. miR-21 promotes fibrosis. miR-29c targets IFN-γ and regulates immune cells. miR-194 inhibits innate antiviral immunity. |
2015 | [21] |
| Micro array | miR-1, miR-155, miR-31, miR-146a, miR-10a, miR-125b, miR-150 and miR-29 | miR-1, miR-155, miR-31, miR-146a, miR-10a, miR-125b, miR-150 were down regulated and miR-29 was up regulated | miR-1 regulate cancer cell proliferation. miR-155 regulates the adaptive immune response. miR-31 regulates lipid metabolism. miR-146a regulates IL-6 production and inflammation. miR-10 regulates TGF-β signaling pathway genes. miR-125b regulates EMT. miR-150 negatively regulates natural killer cells. miR-29c targets IFN-γ and regulates immune cells. |
2016 | [31] | ||
| Micro array | miR-182, miR-355, miR-15b∗, miR-340, and miR-144 | miR-182, miR-355, miR-15b∗, miR-340 were down regulated and miR-144 up regulated | miR-182, miR-355, miR-15b, miR-340, miR-144 regulate cancer cell proliferation. | 2012 | [85] | ||
| TaqMan miRNAs assay | miR-26a, miR-29a, and miR-142- 3p | miR-26a, miR-29a, and miR-142- 3p were down regulated | miR-26a regulates cancer cell proliferation. miR-29a is a regulator of Wnt signaling pathway genes and lipid metabolism. miR-142-3p regulates mesenchymal cells differentiation and proliferation. |
2013 | [50] | ||
| Small RNA sequencing | miR-1197, miR-1268b, miR-1275, miR-1299, miR-146a-3p, miR-150-3p, miR-150-5p, miR-30a-3p, miR-3135a, miR-342-3p, miR-3679-5p, miR-4467, miR-449a, miR-451b, miR-493-3p, miR-503-5p, miR-618, miR-629-5p, miR-6513-5p, miR-6734-3p, miR-6774-3p, miR-6802-3p, miR-708-3p, miR-708-5p, miR-874-3p, miR-874-5p, miR-876-3p, miR-877-3p, miR-92a-1-5p, miR-941 | miR-1197, miR-1299, miR-30a-3p, miR-3135a, miR-4467, miR-449a, miR-451b, miR-493-3p, miR-503-5p, miR-629-5p, miR-6513-5p, and miR-941 were up regulated. miR-1268b, miR-1275, miR-146a-3p, miR-150-3p, miR-150-5p, miR-342-3p, miR-3679-5p, miR-618, miR-6734-3p, miR-6774-3p, miR-6802-3p, miR-708-3p, miR-708-5p, miR-874-3p, miR-874-5p, miR-876-3p, miR-877-3p, miR-92a-1-5p were down regulated |
miR-1197, miR-1268b, miR-1299, miR-30a-3p, miR-342-3p, miR-449a, miR-451b, miR-493-3p, miR503-5p, miR-629-5p, miR-6734, miR-708, miR-874, miR-876, miR-92a-5p regulate cancer cell proliferation. miR-1275 regulates adipogenesis. miR-146a regulates IL-6 production and inflammation. miR-150 negatively regulates natural killer cells. miR-618 can regulate TIMP-1 expression which regulates MMP9 expression. miR-877-3p targets SMAD7 and regulates myofibroblast differentiation. |
2018 | [51] | ||
| GeneChip miRNAs array | miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-26a, miR-106a, miR-191, miR-486, miR-3128, miR-1468, miR-3201, miR-8084 | miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-26a, miR-106a, miR-191, miR-486 were up regulated and miR-3128, miR-1468, miR-3201, miR-8084 were down regulated | miR-20 helps in the cardiac development. miR-26a helps the cellular development, growth, apoptosis and metastasis. miR-106a, miR-191, miR-486, miR-1468 regulate cancer cell proliferation. |
2019 | [44] | ||
| 3 | Plasma | miRNAs micro array | let-7b-5p, let-7d-5p, let-7g-5p, miR-30b-5p, and miR-331- 3p | let-7b-5p, let-7d-5p, let-7g-5p, miR-30b-5p, and miR-331- 3p were up regulated in active tuberculosis | Let-7 miRNAs family involves in many inflammatory pathways by targeting various genes. miR-30b-3p, miR-331-3p regulates cancer cell proliferation. | 2016 | [41] |
| Real time PCR array | miR-21-5p, miR-99b-5p, miR-29a-5p, miR-223-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-28-5p, miR-133a, and miR-652-3p | miR-99b-5p, miR-29a-5p, miR-223-5p, miR-221-3p and miR-28-5p were up regulated and miR-21-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-133a, and miR-652- 3p were down regulated in tuberculosis | miR-21 targets TGB-β signaling pathway genes and regulates fibrosis. miR-99b-5p, miR-29a-5p, miR-223-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-28-5p, regulate cancer cell proliferation. miR-26a-5p targets ULK1 and regulates cardiac fibroblast collagen expression. miR-133a plays role in cardiac remodeling. miR-652-3p regulates endothelial cell proliferation. |
2018 | [47] | ||
| Solexa Sequencing | miR-769-5p, miR-320a, miR-22-3p | miR-769-5p, miR-320a, miR-22-3p were down regulated | miR-769-5p involves in the prognosis of pancreatic cancer and non-small cell lung cancer miR-320a involves in the modulation of cytokine production, cell proliferation, migration and invasion. miR-22-3p involves in the DNA damage machinery. |
2017 | [86] | ||
| 4 | PBMCs | miRNA micro array | miR-200c, miR-193a-3p, miR-595, miR-432, miR-155, miR-9, miR-141, miR-32, miR-29b, miR-152, miR-144 | miR-200c, miR-193a-3p, miR-595, miR-432, miR-155 and miR-9 were up regulated and miR-141, miR-32, miR-29b, miR-152, miR-144 were down regulated | miR-200c, miR-193a-3p, miR-432, miR-141, miR-152 regulate cancer cell proliferation. miR-595 targets SOX7 and promotes glioblastoma cell proliferation. miR-9 targets AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway genes. miR-32 and miR-144 target PTEN expression. miR-29b regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. miR-155 regulates the adaptive immune response. |
2012 | [29] |
| miRNA micro array | miR-424 and miR-365 | miR-424 and miR-365 were up regulated in tuberculosis | miR-424 and miR-365 regulate cancer cell proliferation. | 2011 | [22] | ||
| Small RNA sequencing | miR-23a-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-193a-5p, miR-941, miR-16-1-3p | miR-23a-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-193a-5p, and miR-941 were up regulated miR-16-1-3p was found to be down regulated |
miR-23a-5p involves in the autophagy pathway. miR-183-5p promotes cell proliferation and migration. miR-193a-5p involves in proliferation and migration in cancer. miR-941 targets WNT16 to enhances osteoclastogenesis. |
2020 | [87] | ||
| 5 | Pleural Fluid | Small RNA sequencing | miR-3615, miR-320c, miR-205-5p, miR-218-5p, miR-135a-5p, miR-200a-5p, miR-320b, and miR-378i | miR-320c, miR-205-5p, miR-135a-5p, miR-200a-5p were up regulated and miR-3615, miR-205-5p, miR-320b, and miR-378i were down regulated in tuberculosis | miR-320c regulates inflammation. miR205-5p targets SMAD2 and regulates extracellular production. miR-135a-5p regulates adipogenesis. miR-200a-5p regulates myocardial necroptosis. miR-320c targets c-Myc and regulates cell proliferation. |
2016 | [36] |
| Small RNA deep sequencing | miR-205-5p, miR-200c-3p, miR-429, miR-200b-3, miR-200a-3p, miR-203a-3p, miR-141-3p, miR-148a-3p, miR-451a, miR-150-5p | miR-205-5p, miR-200c-3p, miR-429, miR-200b-3, miR-200a-3p, miR-203a-3p, miR-141-3p, miR-148a-3p, miR-451a, miR-150-5p were up regulated in tuberculosis | miR-200 family members targets ZEB1/ZEB2 and regulates EMT. miR-429, miR-203a-3p, miR-451a, miR-150-5p regulate cancer cell proliferation. miR-141-3p regulates mesenchymal stem cells. miR-141a-3p regulates angiogenesis. |
2017 | [88] | ||
| 6 | Sputum | Exiqon miRCURYTM LNA arrays | miR-19b-2∗, miR-3179 and miR-147 | miR-3179 and miR-147 were up regulated and miR-19b-2∗ was down regulated | miR-147 suppresses the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 and play as an anti-inflammatory miRNA. | 2012 | [49] |
| 7 | Urine | Real time PCR | miR-625-3p and miR-155 | miR-625-3p and miR-155 were up regulated in tuberculosis | miR-625-3p regulates cancer cell proliferation. miR-155 regulates the adaptive immune response. |
2018 | [30] |
| 8 | EBC | miRNome array | miR-649, miR-1264, miR-2861, miR-574-5p, miR-453 | miR-649, miR-1264, miR-2861, miR-574-5p, miR-453 were up regulated | miR-1264 targets DNA methyltransferase-1 and regulates its expression. miR-2281 and miR-574-5p regulate cancer cell proliferation. |
2013 | [89] |