Table 3.
Risk-of-bias assessment of the retrospective cohort studies by ROBINS-I.
| References | Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants |
Bias in measurement of interventions |
Bias due to departures from intended interventions |
Bias due to missing data |
Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of reported results | Overall bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wirtz et al. (20) | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | High risk of bias |
| Balabaud et al. (23) | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate risk of bias |
| Werasak and Witchate (28) | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | High risk of bias |
| Böhler et al. (14) | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate risk of bias |
| Dave et al. (22) | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate risk of bias |
| Jaffe et al. (11) | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate risk of bias |
| Bovonratwet et al. (12) | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate risk of bias |
| Johns et al. (13) | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate risk of bias |
| Kalem and SAhIN (25) | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | High risk of bias |
| Faour et al. (21) | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate risk of bias |
| Johnson et al. (24) | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Low | High risk of bias |
| Sabater-Martos et al. (27) | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate risk of bias |
| Kerbel et al. (26) | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate risk of bias |