TABLE 1.
Advantages and limitations of some green solid phase-based extraction techniques.
| Microextraction technique | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Solid phase microextraction (SPME) | No need for solvents | Robustness of fiber coatings |
| Rapid, simple and sensitive | Stationary phase of limited range | |
| Used for polar and non-polar analytes | In-between batch variations | |
| Applicable with wide range of matrices | ||
| Compatible with different separation and detection systems | ||
| Suitable for headspace and immersion modes | ||
| In-tube extraction dynamic headspace (ITEX-DHS) | High sorption capacity | Stationary phase of limited range |
| Many available commercial sorbent materials | ||
| External heater unit allows independent desorption | ||
| Solid-phase dynamic extraction (SPDE) | More sensitive than SPME | Carryover; analytes might remain on the needle inner wall |
| Robust | ||
| Shorter extraction time than SPME | Stationary phase of limited range | |
| Smaller sample size than SPME | ||
| More complicated analytical process | ||
| Microextraction in a packed sorbent (MEPS) | Short procedure time | Clogging of the barrel insert and needle |
| Applicable with wide range of matrices | Not very suitable for processing large volume samples | |
| More simple analytical procedure | Limited range of sorbents available | |
| Reuse sorbents many time | ||
| Economical | ||
| Fabric phase sorptive extraction procedures (FPSE) | No special equipment or set-up is needed, flexible technique | Longer extraction time |
| Stable even in harsh chemical environment (pH 1–13) | ||
| High primary contact surface area (efficient extraction) | ||
| Low solvent required for quantitative desorption | ||
| Low risk of cross-contamination | ||
| Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) | Lower detection limit than SPME | High matrix effects |
| Compatible with different separation and detection systems | Limited number of commercially available coatings | |
| High thermal and chemical stability of stir-bar coatings | Requires high control of extraction conditions | |
| Suitable for headspace and immersion modes | High enrichment factor only for non-polar analytes | |
| Higher enrichment factor than SPME | Possibility of bleeding at even relatively during thermal desorption | |
| Magnetic nanoparticle extraction | Good cleanup of matrix and the interference compounds | Particle agglomeration that leads to low extraction efficiency |
| No loss of analytes | Oxidation of magnetic cores | |
| PAL SPME Arrow | Higher extraction capacity than SPME | Limited mechanical stability |
| High mechanical robustness | Small phase volumes of the fibers | |
| Trace-level sensitivity | ||
| Can be fully automated |