Table 1. Participant characteristics.
| Variable | Total | No CIED | PM due to AV conduction disturbance | PM not due to AV conduction disturbance | CRT-D | ICD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 14,771 | 14,414 | 134 | 106 | 31 | 86 | ||
| Age (years) | 67.3 ± 3.8 | 67.3 ± 3.8 | 69.4 ± 3.1* | 69.2 ± 3.7* | 67.8 ± 4.2 | 68.5 ± 3.5* | ||
| Sex (male) | 14,032 (95.0) | 13,688 (95.0) | 130 (97.0) | 99 (93.4) | 31 (100.0) | 84 (97.7) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.0 ± 4.4 | 28.0 ± 4.4 | 28.9 ± 4.6* | 28.4 ± 5.2 | 31.8 ± 5.5* | 28.6 ± 4.5 | ||
| Hypertension | 9,143 (61.9) | 8,851 (61.4) | 104 (77.6)* | 77 (72.6)* | 30 (96.8)* | 81 (94.2)* | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | 149.4 ± 18.7 | 149.5 ± 18.7 | 147.5 ± 20.9 | 148.1 ± 18.3 | 138.6 ± 19.4* | 139.8 ± 18.4* | ||
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.5 ± 9.8 | 82.6 ± 9.8 | 80.0 ± 9.8* | 80.4 ± 10.3* | 78.6 ± 11.9* | 77.7 ± 9.4* | ||
| Hypertensive medication | ||||||||
| Thiazide | 1,780 (12.1) | 1,733 (12.0) | 20 (14.9) | 15 (14.2) | 3 (9.7) | 9 (10.5) | ||
| Beta-blocker | 2,203 (14.9) | 2,022 (14.0) | 46 (34.3)* | 39 (36.8)* | 26 (83.9)* | 70 (81.4)* | ||
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 4,862 (32.9) | 4,660 (32.3) | 70 (52.2)* | 46 (43.4)* | 28 (90.3)* | 58 (67.4)* | ||
| Calcium antagonist | 2,800 (19.0) | 2,705 (18.8) | 40 (29.9)* | 28 (26.4)* | 5 (16.1) | 22 (25.6) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1,822 (12.3) | 1,746 (12.1) | 26 (19.4)* | 22 (20.8)* | 9 (29.0)* | 19 (22.1)* | ||
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 39.2 ± 7.7 | 39.1 ± 7.6 | 40.3 ± 8.2 | 40.4 ± 7.2 | 47.3 ± 14.9* | 43.2 ± 10.6* | ||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 12,271 (83.1) | 11,964 (83.0) | 117 (87.31) | 87 (82.1) | 29 (93.55) | 74 (86.05) | ||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 1.0* | 4.7 ± 1.3* | 4.2 ± 1.1* | 4.2 ± 1.0* | ||
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4* | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4* | 1.3 ± 0.4* | ||
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 0.9* | 2.7 ± 1.1* | 2.3 ± 0.9* | 2.2 ± 0.8* | ||
| Lipid lowering medication | 4,846 (32.8) | 4,638 (32.2) | 71 (53.0)* | 50 (47.2)* | 24 (77.4)* | 63 (73.3)* | ||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 78.3 ± 13.6 | 78.4 ± 13.5 | 71.9 ± 15.8* | 71.9 ± 15.8* | 66.5 ± 18.0* | 73.2 ± 15.7* | ||
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Active | 2,359 (16.0) | 2,316 (16.1) | 18 (13.4) | 13 (12.3) | 3 (10.0) | 9 (10.6) | ||
| Former | 7,363 (50.1) | 7,161 (49.9) | 67 (50.0) | 61 (57.5) | 15 (50.0) | 59 (69.4) | ||
| Never | 4,990 (33.9) | 4,880 (34.0) | 49 (36.6) | 32 (30.2) | 12 (40.0) | 17 (20.0) | ||
| MAC score | ||||||||
| Absent (0 AU) | 11,469 (77.6) | 11,214 (77.8) | 97 (72.4)* | 73 (68.9)* | 20 (64.6)* | 65 (75.6) | ||
| Present (≥ 1 AU) | 3,302 (22.4) | 3,200 (22.2) | 37 (27.6)* | 33 (31.1)* | 11 (35.4)* | 21 (24.4) | ||
| 1–9 AU | 1,199 (8.1) | 1,172 (8.1) | 8 (6.0) | 11 (10.4) | 3 (9.7) | 5 (5.8) | ||
| 10–99 AU | 1,130 (7.7) | 1,091 (7.6) | 11 (8.2) | 13 (12.3) | 3 (9.7) | 12 (13.9) | ||
| 100–199 AU | 310 (2.1) | 302 (2.1) | 5 (3.7) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| 200–299 AU | 167 (1.1) | 163 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.8) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 300–599 AU | 213 (1.4) | 209 (1.5) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| 600–1,199 AU | 143 (1.0) | 136 (0.9) | 4 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (2.3) | ||
| ≥ 1,200 AU | 140 (1.0) | 127 (0.9) | 8 (6.0) | 4 (3.8) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and number (%).
ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme, AU: Agatston unit, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker, AV: atrioventricular, BMI: body mass index, CIED: cardiac implantable electronic device, CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, HDL: high density lipoprotein, ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator, LDL: low density lipoprotein, MAC: mitral annulus calcification, PM: pacemaker, SBP: systolic blood pressure.
*p-value < 0.05 when comparing the CIED group with participants with no CIED using non-paired Student's t-testing and Wilcoxon signed-rank testing.