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. 2022 Jan 13;12:799318. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.799318

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Copyright © 2022 Iqbal, Wang, Mubeen, Kamran, Kanwal, Díaz, Abbas, Parveen, Atiq, Alshaya, Zin El-Abedin and Fahad.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Biosynthesis and signaling of salicylic acid. (A) In Arabidopsis, a model for salicylic acid (SA) production has been proposed. Genetic investigations showed the isochorismate pathway in the upper panel. Biochemical research showed the phenylpropanoid pathway in the lower panel. (B) NPR1 forms an oligomer in the cytosol in cells with low SA levels, and NPR3 and NPR4 bind leftover NPR1 in the nucleus to block NPR1 activity. NPR1 becomes monomeric and reaches the nucleus in cells with high SA levels, where SA binds to NPR3 and NPR4 to disrupt their transcriptional repression action. NPR1 interacts with TGAs in SA-responsive promoters, causing defensive responses to be activated. BA2H stands for benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase; ICS stands for isochorismate synthase; IPL stands for isochorismate pyruvate lyase; NPR stands for non-expresser of pathogenesis-related genes; PAL stands for phenylalanine ammonia lyase; SA stands for salicylic acid; TGA stands for TGACG-binding factor. Adapted from Li et al. (2019).