Table 4. Cox Proportional Hazards Models for 30-Day Mortality, by Shock Etiology.

Variables	HR (95% CI)a
	All	Cardiogenic shock	Septic shock	Hypovolemic shock	Other
Age	1.04 (1.03-1.04)b	1.02 (1.02-1.03)b	1.03 (1.03-1.04)b	1.04 (1.03-1.05)b	1.05 (1.04-1.05)b
Female sex	1.00 (0.93-1.07)	1.26 (1.12-1.42)b	0.93 (0.83-1.04)	0.84 (0.68-1.05)	0.87 (0.73-1.04)
Prior coronary disease	0.86 (0.79-0.94)b	0.93 (0.81-1.06)	0.89 (0.76-1.03)	0.63 (0.46-0.86)b	1.04 (0.82-1.31)
Hypertension	0.78 (0.72-0.84)b	0.79 (0.70-0.89)b	0.76 (0.67-0.86)b	0.90 (0.71-1.14)	0.80 (0.66-0.97)c
Chronic kidney disease	1.25 (1.10-1.42)b	1.20 (0.95-1.50)	1.16 (0.95-1.42)	1.62 (1.13-2.31)b	1.38 (0.97-1.96)d
Prior heart failure	1.21 (1.09-1.33)	1.28 (1.09-1.51)b	1.12 (0.96-1.32)	1.06 (0.75-1.51)	1.42 (1.10-1.84)b
CVA	1.16 (1.04-1.30)c	1.22 (1.0-1.50)c	1.05 (0.87-1.25)	1.41 (1.00-1.99)d	1.16 (0.88-1.54)
COPD	1.15 (1.04-1.27)b	1.21 (1.02-1.45)c	0.87 (0.74-1.02)d	1.28 (0.90-1.83)	1.23 (0.94-1.60)
Initial systolic BP	0.99 (0.99-0.99)b	0.99 (0.99-1.00)b	0.99 (0.99-0.99)b	0.99 (0.99-1.00)b	0.99 (0.99-0.99)b
Initial heart rate	1.01 (1.00-1.01)c	1.01 (1.00-1.01)b	1.01 (1.00-1.01)b	1.01 (1.00-1.01)b	1.01 (1.00-1.01)b
Prehospital intubation	3.93 (3.48-4.44)b	2.49 (1.91-3.24)b	2.53 (1.83-3.51)b	6.91 (3.56-13.44)b	5.62 (4.12-7.65)b
Prehospital cardiac arreste	NA	2.41 (1.82-3.19)b	NA	NA	NA
Socioeconomic statusf	0.96 (0.94-0.98)b	0.94 (0.90-0.98)b	1.00 (0.96-1.04)	0.97 (0.89-1.05)	0.96 (0.90-1.02)

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable.

^a HRs represent time-to-death analysis using a Cox regression model. Individual analyses were performed for each etiology.

^b P < .01.

^c P < .05.

^d P < .10.

^e Prehospital cardiac arrest as determined by the Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest registry was included as a covariate in the model for cardiogenic shock.

^f Socioeconomic status uses Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage decile.