Table 3.

Complications and sequelae of gastroenteritis

condition	associated pathogens	^risk/predispositions	references
bacteremia; extraintestinal infections	non-typhoidal Salmonella>Campylobacter, Yersinia	elderly, immunosuppressed infants, young children, mutations in TLR genes, immunocompromised adults in LMICsa	95
intestinal perforation, toxic megacolon	Shigella dysenteriae, infrequently complicates infection with other Shigella serotypes and other etiologies of colitis	typically, S. dysenteriae infections	51,179
nonsuppurative complications
reactive arthritis	Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia,	adult females, severe illness ±HLA-B27, ?PPIb, ?antibiotic administration, SNPc in IFNGd, duration of diarrhea	108,180–184 106,107
Guillain-Barré syndrome	Campylobacter jejuni	males ~1.5 × females. molecular mimicry of lipopolysaccharides of some strains and host gangliosides. SNPs in some host genes may contribute.	185
erythema nodosum	Yersinia, Shigella, Salmonella		90,186,187
sequelae of enteric infections in low-middle income countries
tropical sprue	?toxin-producing E. coli/Enterobacteriaciae	expatriates with extended exposure (e.g., Peace Corp volunteers) and residents of LMICs	114–116,119,124,125
environmental enteric dysfunction	ETECe and DECf pathovars, Shigella, Campylobacter	young children in LMICs	133,134,137,139

^aLMIC low-middle income country

^bPPI proton pump inhibitor

^cSNP single nucleotide polymorphism

^dINFG interferon gamma gene

^eETEC enterotoxigenic E. coli,

^fDEC diarrheagenic E. coli