Table 2.
Scale development.
| Construct | Measuring items | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived severity (PS) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (7) | (100, 101) |
| PS1. I find COVID-19 is a serious disease. | ||
| PS2. I think the COVID-19 outbreak will continue for at least the following 6 months. | ||
| PS3. It would be serious if I get sick from COVID-19. | ||
| Perceived vulnerability (PV) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (7) | (80) |
| PV1. I think I am at risk of getting COVID-19 in given circumstances. | ||
| PV2. It is possible for me to be infected by COVID-19. | ||
| PV3. Most people I know are vulnerable to COVID-19. | ||
| PV4. It is likely that my family and friends would be infected by COVID-19. | ||
| Perceived fear (PF) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (7) | (102) |
| PF1. It makes me uncomfortable to think about COVID-19. | ||
| PF2. My hands become clammy when I think about COVID-19. | ||
| PF3. I cannot sleep because I am worrying about getting COVID-19. | ||
| PF4. My heart races or palpitates when I think about getting COVID-19. | ||
| Health anxiety (HA) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (7) | (103) |
| HA1. I am less likely to notice sensations/changes in my body than other people. | ||
| HA2. It's hard for me to free myself from concern about my health. | ||
| HA3. I sometimes suspect that I have a serious illness. | ||
| Self-efficacy (SE) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (7) | (69, 104) |
| SE1. I believe that making an effort to reduce the spread of COVID-19 is worthwhile. | ||
| SE2. I believe that I can make contributions to the fight against COVID-19. | ||
| SE3. I have the skills required to prevent being infected by COVID-19. | ||
| Response efficacy (RE) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (7) | (105, 106) |
| RE1. Omnichannel shopping is conducive to avoiding being exposed to COVID-19. | ||
| RE2. By using omnichannel shopping, the chance of being infected with COVID-19 would be decreased. | ||
| RE3. Omnichannel shopping works to prevent the spread of COVID-19. | ||
| RE4. Omnichannel shopping is an effective measure for preventing COVID-19. | ||
| Protection motivation (PM) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (7) | (94) |
| PM1. I think I need omnichannel shopping to protect myself. | ||
| PM2. I believe that it is necessary to use omnichannel shopping to reduce the probability of exposure to COVID-19. | ||
| PM3. I believe that I must use omnichannel shopping to reduce the probability of COVID-19 infection. | ||
| PM4. I believe that others must use omnichannel shopping to reduce the probability of COVID-19 infection. | ||
| Behavioral intention (BI) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (7) | (107) |
| BI1. I would consider omnichannel shopping for my next purchase. | ||
| BI2. I would list omnichannel shopping as one of my top options. | ||
| BI3. I would share my positive attitude about omnichannel shopping with people. |