Table 3.
Comparative univariate and multivariate analyses of disease-free survival (DFS) and intravesical recurrence-free survival (IVRFS) in patients with UTUC.
| DFS | IVRFS | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | 0.314 | 0.55 (0.46–0.66) | <0.001** | 0.60 (0.50–0.72) | <0.001** | ||
| Age ≥70 | 1.36 (1.13–1.64) | 0.001** | 1.27 (1.05–1.54) | 0.014* | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 0.689 | ||
| CIS | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | 0.645 | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) | 0.092 | ||||
| Tumor size | ||||||||
| Reference: <1 cm | ||||||||
| ≥1 and <2 cm | 0.94 (0.58–1.53) | 0.816 | 0.74 (0.45–1.21) | 0.225 | 0.95 (0.67–1.34) | 0.751 | ||
| ≥2 and <3 cm | 1.40 (0.89–2.19) | 0.145 | 0.99 (0.62–1.58) | 0.956 | 0.88 (0.62–1.24) | 0.452 | ||
| ≥3 cm | 2.63 (1.75–3.97) | <0.001** | 1.35 (0.87–2.10) | 0.184 | 0.99 (0.73–1.36) | 0.972 | ||
| Tumor location | ||||||||
| Renal pelvis | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) | 0.274 | 0.90 (0.75–1.09) | 0.269 | ||||
| Proximal ureter | 1.23 (1.00–1.52) | 0.053 | 1.17 (0.95–1.44) | 0.133 | ||||
| Middle ureter | 1.26 (0.98–1.62) | 0.071 | 1.28 (1.00–1.63) | 0.046* | 1.11 (0.86–1.43) | 0.416 | ||
| Distal ureter | 1.33 (1.07–1.65) | 0.011* | 1.23 (0.97–1.57) | 0.084 | 1.70 (1.39–2.09) | <0.001** | 1.49 (1.20– 1.85) | <0.001** |
| Bladder cuff | 2.41 (1.58–3.67) | <0.001** | 0.78 (0.49–1.25) | 0.295 | 1.63 (1.02–2.61) | 0.042* | 1.07 (0.65– 1.76) | 0.781 |
| Multifocality | 1.75 (1.45–2.11) | <0.001** | 1.27 (1.03–1.55) | 0.024* | 1.57 (1.31–1.88) | <0.001** | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) | 0.010* |
| Preoperative hydronephrosis | 1.37 (1.13–1.67) | 0.002** | 1.29 (1.04–1.59) | 0.019* | 1.29 (1.07–1.55) | 0.008** | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | 0.062 |
| Lymphovascular invasion | 3.26 (2.70–3.94) | <0.001** | 1.37 (1.10–1.69) | 0.004** | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 0.545 | ||
| Positive surgical margin | 4.28 (3.14–5.83) | <0.001** | 1.84 (1.29–2.64) | 0.001** | 0.88 (0.50–1.57) | 0.668 | ||
| Tumor necrosis | 1.85 (1.48–2.30) | <0.001** | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) | 0.754 | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) | 0.767 | ||
| Tumor grading | ||||||||
| Low grade | ||||||||
| High grade | 3.84 (2.56–5.74) | <0.001** | 1.93 (1.26–2.94) | 0.002** | 0.80 (0.64–0.997) | 0.047* | 0.81 (0.63–1.03) | 0.084 |
| Cell type | ||||||||
| Reference: urothelial carcinoma (UC) | ||||||||
| UC with variants | 2.14 (1.65–2.76) | <0.001** | 1.24 (0.94–1.64) | 0.128 | 0.65 (0.44–0.95) | 0.027* | 0.69 (0.47–1.02) | 0.065 |
| Bladder UC | ||||||||
| Previous | 1.08 (0.74–1.58) | 0.684 | 1.30 (0.88–1.93) | 0.183 | 2.02 (1.50–2.71) | <0.001** | 1.65 (1.22–2.23) | 0.001** |
| Synchronous | 1.76 (1.41–2.20) | <0.001** | 1.62 (1.27–2.07) | <0.001** | 1.68 (1.34–2.10) | <0.001** | 1.33 (1.04–1.70) | 0.022* |
| Pathological T stage | ||||||||
| Reference: Ta/Tis | ||||||||
| T1 | 1.37 (0.87–2.16) | 0.176 | 1.16 (0.72–1.86) | 0.551 | 1.06 (0.82–1.39) | 0.647 | 1.17 (0.89–1.53) | 0.269 |
| T2 | 3.06 (2.01–4.67) | <0.001** | 1.99 (1.27–3.14) | 0.003** | 1.13 (0.86–1.50) | 0.378 | 1.18 (0.87–1.59) | 0.291 |
| T3 | 6.32 (4.29–9.30) | <0.001** | 3.52 (2.27–5.46) | <0.001** | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) | 0.378 | 1.27 (0.96–1.69) | 0.096 |
| T4 | 16.77 (10.63– 26.45) | <0.001** | 6.22 (3.65–10.60) | <0.001** | 0.28 (0.10–0.77) | 0.013* | 0.34 (0.12–0.93) | 0.035* |
| Pathological N stage | ||||||||
| Reference: N0 | ||||||||
| N1 | 4.85 (3.03–7.76) | <0.001** | 3.57 (2.19–5.83) | <0.001** | 1.12 (0.55–2.30) | 0.759 | ||
| N2 | 5.17 (3.50–7.65) | <0.001** | 2.71 (1.79–4.09) | <0.001** | 0.74 (0.36–1.52) | 0.416 | ||
| Nx | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) | 0.759 | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) | 0.110 | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 0.802 | ||
| RNU techniques | ||||||||
| Reference: open | ||||||||
| Hand-assisted laparoscopic | 0.76 (0.61–0.96) | 0.020* | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 0.875 | 1.15 (0.90–1.48) | 0.258 | ||
| Robot-assisted | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) | 0.249 | 1.01 (0.68–1.50) | 0.953 | 1.11 (0.75–1.64) | 0.611 | ||
| Laparoscopic | 0.59 (0.45–0.78) | <0.001** | 0.73 (0.55–0.96) | 0.027* | 1.17 (0.89–1.54) | 0.250 | ||
| LESS | 0.34 (0.05–2.46) | 0.286 | 0.20 (0.03–1.46) | 0.111 | 0.83 (0.21–3.39) | 0.800 | ||
* means “p < 0.05”; ** dictates “p < 0.01.