Table 2.

miRNAs altered in both obesity and COVID-19

Altered miRNA	Implication in Obesity	Reference	Implication in COVID-19	Reference
Hsa-miR-155	Over expressed in obesity, decrease PPARγ expression, and impair insulin signaling. Adipose tissue exosomes. Delivers to lungs Insulin resistance	Ying et al. 2017 [294] Ortega et al. 2015 [310]	Upregulated in circulation of COVID-19 patients, nasopharyngeal swabs, and in cells infected with SARS-COV2.  anti-miR-155 suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine  ARDS damage reduced by elimination of 155. Modulates IFN signaling	Garg et al. 2021. [326] Chow and Salmena,2020 [303 Soni et al. 2021 [306] Wyler et al. 2021 [305] Wang etal 2010[ 286]
Hsa-mir-146a	Decreased in obesity and T2D Modulates insulin sensitivity Negative regulator of inflammation in adipose tissue Negatively regulates NF-kB by repressing IRAK-1 and TRAFb signaling	Roos et al. 2020 [313] Sanada etal 2020 [314]	Decreased in serum of COVID-19 patients Anti-inflammatory COVID-19 patients with its lower levels responded poorly to anti-inflammatory treatment Targets SARS-CoV2 genome	Desjarlais et al. 2020 [315] Roganovic et al. 2020 [316] Mirzaei et al. 2020 [309] Sabbatinelli et al. 2020 [308]
Hsa-mir-17-5p	Downregulated in omental fat and reduced in circulation in obesity	Heneghan et al. 2011 [279]	Decreased in omental fat,PBMC, and circulation in COVID-19 antiviral	Tsubota et al. 2014 [311] Khan et al. 2020 [304]
Hsa-mir200-c-3p	Downregulated in Adipose tissue, Repressed by leptin Decrease can increase ace2 expression	Iacomino &S iani 2017 [270] Chang et al. 2015 ] 319]	Decreased in infection Modulation of target ACE2 in respiratory cells	Liu et al. 2017 [320]
Hsa-mir-98-5p	Decreased levels in T2D and obesity	Kokkinopoulo et al. 2019 [ 420]	Modulation of TMPRSS2 expression	Mirzaei et al. 2020 [309]
Hsa-Let-7a/ Let-7f	Downregulated in obesity. Influence glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity	Deiuliis 2016 [ 276]	Decreased Let-7a-3p and let-7f-3p in SARS-CoV2-infected cells. Predicted to target viral genome	Chow and Salmena 2020[, 303]
Hsa-mir-125	Upregulated in WAT in obesity. Over expressed in obese T2D patients Anti-inflammatory, Reduces TLR/NF-kB activities. Target TGFβ signal pathway genes Regulates insulin sensitivity	Brovkina et al. 2019 [323] Xu et al. 2018 [322]	Upregulated miR-125-5p in cells infected with SARS-CoV2	Chow and Salmena 2020 [303] Desjarlais etal 2020 [315]
Hsa-mir-21	Upregulated in T2D patients with obesity Targets TGFβ receptor	Guglielmi et al. 2017 [328] Seeger et al. 2014 [327]	Downregulated miR-21-5p in cells infected with SARS-CoV2 and in circulation of COVID-19 patients Lower levels associated with severe disease	Chow and Salmena2020 [303] Sabbatinelli et al. 2020 [ 308] Garg et al. 2021[326]
Hsa-mir-126	Downregulated in obesity Its protective effect on endothelial cells lost on suppression	Gomez et al. 2017[ 324] Hijmans et al. 2017 [325]	Downregulated miR-126-5p in SARS-CoV2-infected cells and in circulation of COVID-19 patients	Chow and salmena2020, [303] Sabbatinelli et al. 2020 [308]
Hsa-mir107/103	Upregulated in obesity A toll-like receptor regulated mir dysregulated in obesity. Mir103/107 upregulation causes insulin resistance, altered glucose homeostasis	Iacomino & Siani 2017 [270] Foley and ONeill 2012 [321]	Upregulated miR107 in covid	Chow and Salmena2020 [303]
Hsa-mir-450	Upregulated in obesity. Pro-adipogenic	Kurylowiez et al., 2018 [421]	Downregulated miR-450-5p in SARS Co2 infected cells	Chow and Salmena,2020 [303]