Table 2.
Overview of targets and potential drugs of SARS-CoV-2
| Drug targets | Approved/potential COVID-19 drugs |
|---|---|
| S | Ivermectin,36 Arbidol,38 Lipopeptide EK1 and EK1C4,41 SSA09E2,368 Griffithsin,369 Nidazolamide and Tizolazolide,370 Heparin,371 Withaferin A,372 Tetracycline,373 Monoclonal antibodies targeted to S protein |
| N | Rapamycin,93 PJ3494 |
| E | Hexamethylene amiloride (HMA) and Amantadine (AMT),98 Hm-methyleneamelory,374 |
| Nsp1 | Glycyrrhizic acid, Lobaric acid, Garcinolic acid and Tirilazad139 |
| Nsp2 | Nigellidine,146 |
| Nsp3 | VIR251,173 GRL-0617,151 YM155,175 Ribavirin,375 GRL-0667 and Mycophenolic acid376 |
| Nsp4 | Eribulin and Suvorexant184 |
| Nsp5 | PF-07321332 (Nirmatrelvir), S-217622, PF-07304814, PBI-0451, Enanta (EDP-235), N3,190 Calpain inhibitors II, Calpain inhibitors XII, GC-376, Baicalin, Baicalein, and Boceprevir,377 α-ketoamide 13b,192 Andrographolide,378 Hispidin and Lepidine E,379 Talampicillin, and Lurasidone,380 Vitamin B12 and Folic acid,381 Pitavastatin; Leupeptin; hemisulfate; pepstatin A; Birinapant; Lypression; octreotide; Nicotinamide, Famotidine; Telbivudine, and Telcoplanin,382 Poziotinib; Fostamatinib; Ziprasidone; Telcagepant; Talampicillin; Hypericin; Cyanidin-3-glucoside; Glabridin; α-ketoamide 11r; Cannabisin A; Isoacteoside; Raltegravir, Dolutegravir, Bictegravir, Paritaprevir, Darunavir, and Oseltamivir,383 Nelfinavir and Nelfinavir Mesylate,384 Ritonavir and Lopinavir,385 Elbasvir; Favipiravir, Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine,386 PF-07321332,194 |
| Nsp6 | Dextromethorphan, and Haloperidol,184 Sucrose (ZINC000004217475),387 |
| Nsp9 | Uracil-analog FR6,216 imidazolium salts,218 Teicoplanin, and Azithromycin219 |
| Nsp12 | Ribavirin, Penciclovir, Tenofovir, Sofosbuvir, and Galidesivir,239 Favipiravir,236 EIDD-1931,388 Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801),238 Remdesivir,234 Surami,247 Zn (II),389; Vitamin B12,390 YAK, Setrobuvir and IDX-184,391 Cefuroxime,392 ODBG-P-RVn,393 GS-621763,394 |
| Nsp13 | Bananins,395 Lymecycline, Cefsulodine, Rolitertracycline, Itraconazole, Saquinavir, Dabigatran, and Canrenoic acid,396 Rolitetracycline,375 |
| Nsp14 | S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) and Sinefungin (SFG),308 Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA),283 Disulfiram and Ebselen,281 |
| Nsp15 | Tipiracil,289 NSC95397,397 Benzopurpurin B, C-473872, and Congo red,398 |
| Nsp16 | S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) and Sinefungin (SFG),308 Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA),283 Withanolide (WTL), and Dolutegravir,399 Bictegravir,400 |
| ACE2 | DX600,60 MLN4760,61 NAAE,62 Telmisartan,401 Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine,402 Ibuprofen,403 ACEI,404 ACE inhibitors, Soluble recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2)405 |
| Cathepsin L | Calpain inhibitors, E64d and Inhibitor SID26681509,406 MDL28170,407 |
| Furin | Furin inhibitors, Furine convertase inhibitors, Decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone (CMK) and Naphthofluorescein,408 α1-PDX,409 Peptidyl-chloromethylketone, 2,5-dideoxystreptamine-derived inhibitor374 |
| TMPRSS2 | Nafamostat and Nafamostat Mesylate,410 Camostat and Camostat Mesylate,411 Bromhexine hydrochloride,412 Benzoselenoxanthene analogues,413 Cbz (Carboxybenzyl)-Phosphono-Lys (OPh)2,414 Rubitecan, Loprazolam; Compounds ZINC000015988935, and ZIN C000103558522,415 Estradiol,416 Enzatulamide417 |
| CD147 | Meplazumab,418 Azihromycin,419 Doxycycline420 |
| DPP4 | Sitagliptin421 |
| Other targets | Lianhua Qingwen,20 Interferon,422 Vitamin C,423 Tocilizumab424 |