Table 5.
Perceived physiological functions among dental students based on the current status of smoking
| Total | Smoking status | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never smoke | Tobacco only | E-cigarette only | Dual user | |||
| Have you experienced changes in the following physiological functions in the past month? | ||||||
| Physical status | < 0.001 | |||||
| Worsened | 564 (10.3) | 436 (10.0) | 89 (15.1) | 13 (5.2) | 26 (10.2) | |
| No change | 4362 (79.8) | 3520 (80.6) | 454 (76.8) | 193 (76.6) | 195 (76.2) | |
| Improved | 542 (9.9) | 413 (9.5) | 48 (8.1) | 46 (18.3) | 35 (13.7) | |
| Smell | < 0.001 | |||||
| Worsened | 259 (4.7) | 175 (4.0) | 64 (10.8) | 9 (3.6) | 11 (4.3) | |
| No change | 4873 (89.1) | 3958 (90.6) | 497 (84.2) | 202 (80.2) | 216 (84.4) | |
| Improved | 335 (6.1) | 236 (5.4) | 29 (4.9) | 41 (16.3) | 29 (11.3) | |
| Taste | < 0.001 | |||||
| Worsened | 224 (4.1) | 148 (3.4) | 53 (9.0) | 11 (4.4) | 12 (4.7) | |
| No change | 4918 (90.0) | 3998 (91.5) | 499 (84.4) | 204 (81.0) | 217 (84.8) | |
| Improved | 325 (5.9) | 222 (5.1) | 39 (6.6) | 37 (14.7) | 27 (10.5) | |
| Breathing | < 0.001 | |||||
| Worsened | 546 (10.0) | 376 (8.6) | 106 (17.9) | 25 (10.0) | 39 (15.2) | |
| No change | 4564 (83.5) | 3742 (85.7) | 442 (74.8) | 185 (74.0) | 195 (76.2) | |
| Improved | 354 (6.5) | 249 (5.7) | 43 (7.3) | 40 (16.0) | 22 (8.6) | |
| Appetite | 0.030 | |||||
| Worsened | 869 (16.0) | 688 (15.8) | 115 (19.5) | 30 (12.0) | 36 (14.1) | |
| No change | 3879 (71.2) | 3114 (71.6) | 407 (69.0) | 175 (70.3) | 183 (71.8) | |
| Improved | 697 (12.8) | 549 (12.6) | 68 (11.5) | 44 (17.7) | 36 (14.1) | |
| Mood | < 0.001 | |||||
| Worsened | 1437 (26.3) | 1179 (27.0) | 172 (29.1) | 30 (11.9) | 56 (21.9) | |
| No change | 3355 (61.3) | 2682 (61.4) | 349 (59.0) | 167 (66.3) | 157 (61.3) | |
| Improved | 678 (12.4) | 509 (11.6) | 71 (12.0) | 55 (21.8) | 43 (16.8) | |
| Memory | < 0.001 | |||||
| Worsened | 907 (16.6) | 743 (17.0) | 110 (18.6) | 18 (7.2) | 36 (14.1) | |
| No change | 4087 (74.8) | 3263 (74.8) | 430 (72.8) | 198 (78.9) | 196 (76.6) | |
| Improved | 469 (8.6) | 359 (8.2) | 51 (8.6) | 35 (13.9) | 24 (9.4) | |
| Quality of sleep | 0.003 | |||||
| Worsened | 1257 (23.0) | 1015 (23.2) | 157 (26.6) | 35 (13.9) | 50 (19.5) | |
| No change | 3441 (62.9) | 2750 (62.9) | 355 (60.1) | 175 (69.4) | 161 (62.9) | |
| Improved | 774 (14.1) | 608 (13.9) | 79 (13.4) | 42 (16.7) | 45 (17.6) | |
| Stamina | < 0.001 | |||||
| Worsened | 1035 (18.9) | 803 (18.4) | 155 (26.4) | 29 (11.5) | 48 (18.8) | |
| No change | 3761 (68.8) | 3025 (69.3) | 373 (63.4) | 189 (75.0) | 174 (68.0) | |
| Improved | 667 (12.2) | 539 (12.3) | 60 (10.2) | 34 (13.5) | 34 (13.3) | |