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. 2022 Jan 27;19:8. doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01219-3

Table 2.

Mean difference (95%CI) of standardized NMR-metabolites per 1-point increase in HLS in the Hortega Studya

Model 1 Model 2
Group Metabolite MD (95% CI) p-value MD (95% CI) p-value
Lipoprotein profile Cholesterol, mmol/l
 VLDL cholesterol −0.07 (− 0.09, − 0.04) < 0.001 − 0.05 (− 0.07, − 0.03) < 0.001*
 LDL cholesterol −0.11 (− 0.17, − 0.05) < 0.001 −0.03 (− 0.06, 0.002) 0.04
 HDL cholesterol 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) 0.001 0.05 (0.02, 0.07) < 0.001*
 IDL cholesterol −0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01) < 0.001 −0.01 (− 0.02, − 0.003) 0.006*
Triglycerides, mmol/l
 VLDL triglycerides −0.13 (− 0.19, − 0.08) < 0.001 −0.1 (− 0.14, − 0.05) < 0.001*
 LDL triglycerides −0.007 (− 0.01, − 0.002) 0.006 −0.001 (− 0.005, 0.002) 0.43
 HDL triglycerides −0.003 (− 0.01, 0.0007) 0.11 −0.002 (− 0.01, 0.002) 0.24
 IDL triglycerides −0.007 (− 0.01, − 0.04) < 0.001 −0.005 (− 0.01, − 0.002) 0.003*
Lipoprotein particle concentration
 Large VLDL, nmol/L −0.18 (− 0.27, − 0.09) < 0.001 −0.13 (− 0.21, − 0.06) < 0.001*
 Medium VLDL, nmol/L −1.13 (− 1.64, − 0.62) < 0.001 −0.78 (− 1.24, − 0.33) < 0.001*
 Small VLDL, nmol/L − 7.34 (− 10.21, − 4.47) < 0.001 −5.33 (− 7.85, − 2.80) < 0.001*
 Large LDL, nmol/L −4.58 (− 7.54, − 1.63) 0.002 − 0.98 (− 2.79, 0.83) 0.29
 Medium LDL, nmol/L − 10.11 (− 19.62, − 0.6) 0.04 1.19 (− 4.59, 6.97) 0.69
 Small LDL, nmol/L −35.75 (− 50.87, − 20.63) < 0.001 −19.43 (− 29.00, − 9.87) < 0.001*
 Large HDL, μmol/L 0.001 (− 0.003, 0.01) 0.68 0.003 (0.0002, 0.01) 0.04
 Medium HDL, μmol/L 0.22 (0.06, 0.38) 0.008 0.24 (0.08, 0.4) 0.003*
 Small HDL μmol/L 0.25 (− 0.08, 0.57) 0.13 0.35 (0.02, 0.67) 0.04
Amino acids b Alanine 0.14 (0.08, 0.20) < 0.001 0.11 (0.06, 0.17) < 0.001*
Creatine phosphate 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) < 0.001 0.01 (0.002, 0.02) 0.01*
Creatine 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) < 0.001 0.01 (0.005, 0.02) < 0.001*
Cysteine 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) < 0.001 0.01 (0.004, 0.02) 0.002*
Glutamine 0.11 (0.07, 0.15) < 0.001 0.08 (0.04, 0.12) < 0.001*
N-acetylglutamine 0.08 (0.05, 0.11) < 0.001 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) < 0.001*
Proline 0.12 (0.07, 0.16) < 0.001 0.09 (0.05, 0.12) < 0.001*
Tryptophan 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) 0.02 0.02 (0, 0.05) 0.06
Tyrosine 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) 0.002 0.01 (0, 0.02) 0.08
Isoleucine 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) 0.003 0.04 (0, 0.07) 0.02
Leucine 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) < 0.001 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) 0.01*
Valine 0.05 (0.02, 0.09) 0.003 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) 0.02
Fatty acids b CH2CH2CO −0.19 (−0.29, −0.09) < 0.001 −0.14 (− 0.24, − 0.04) 0.006*
CH2CH3 − 0.13 (− 0.24, − 0.03) 0.009 − 0.07 (− 0.17, 0.03) 0.15
CH2N −3.17 (−4.44, −1.89) < 0.001 −2.17 (−3.33, −1.00) < 0.001*
CH3 −0.38 (− 0.61, − 0.15) 0.001 −0.19 (− 0.37, − 0.003) 0.05
CHCH2CH − 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.03) 0.33 −0.003 (− 0.05, 0.05) 0.92
Isobutyrate 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) 0.003 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) 0.01*
Fluid balance b Albumin 0.11 (0.07, 0.16) < 0.001 0.07 (0.03, 0.11) < 0.001*
Creatinine 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) < 0.001 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) < 0.001*
Energy metabolism b Glycolysis
 Citrate 0.07 (0.04, 0.09) < 0.001 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) < 0.001*
 Lactate −0.34 (−0.6, − 0.09) 0.009 − 0.24 (− 0.48, 0.01) 0.06
 Pyruvate 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) < 0.001 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) < 0.001*
Ketone bodies
 Acetate 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) < 0.001 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) 0.001*
 Acetone −0.13 (− 0.19, − 0.08) < 0.001 −0.10 (− 0.16, − 0.05) < 0.001*
 3-Hydroxybutyrate 0.11 (0.07, 0.15) < 0.001 0.08 (0.04, 0.12) < 0.001*
Products of bacterial co-metabolism b Ethanol −0.05 (− 0.16, 0.06) 0.39 −0.06 (− 0.16, 0.04) 0.24
Isopropanol 0.08 (0.05, 0.11) < 0.001 0.05 (0.03, 0.08) < 0.001*
Methanol 0.01 (0.002, 0.02) 0.008 0.01 (−0.0001, 0.01) 0.05
Trimethylamines 0.09 (0.05, 0.12) < 0.001 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) < 0.001*
Phenylpropionate 0.11 (0.07, 0.16) < 0.001 0.09 (0.05, 0.14) < 0.001*
Phosphoethanolamines b O-phosphoethanolamine 0.07 (0.04, 0.10) < 0.001 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) 0.002*

Abbreviations: MD mean differences; CI confidence interval; HLS Healthy Lifestyle Score. a n = 1016

Model 1 was adjusted for age (years), sex (men, women) and education (≤ high school, > high school). Model 2 was model 1 additionally adjusted for prevalent hypertension (no, yes), total plasma cholesterol (mg/dL) and use of lipid lowering medication (no, yes)

b We normalized the spectral vector to the total spectral area excluding residual water signals to minimize the effects of variable dilution of the sample. The metabolic content is therefore expressed in relative metabolic content (unitless)

* Significant at a 2.5% False Discovery Rate