Fig. 7.

The effect of proportion of refuge plants on over-flooding rate (the number of OX5382G male moths per wild fall armyworm male moth) required to reduce resistance allele frequencies and suppress population in simulated populations of fall armyworm. In these simulations, two insecticidal proteins were present in the Bt crop. A, B, and C show the response in the frequency of the allele for protein 1 resistance, and D, E, and F show protein 2 resistance. G, H, and I show relative population size. In plots A to F, the horizontal dashed line marks the point at which the resistance allele frequency surpasses 0.5. In plot A and G, the ‘0.5’ over-flooding rate line cannot be seen because it is nearly collinear with the ‘1’ over-flooding rate line. In plot I, the ’10’ over-flooding rate line cannot be seen because it is collinear with the ‘100’ over-flooding rate line