Table 1:

Cortical bone histomorphometry, serum bone turnover markers, and metaphyseal cancellous bone microcomputed tomography results for all groups (mean ± standard deviation, range in parentheses). Selective removal of components of the gut microbiota via antibiotics did not alter cortical bone histomorphometry, serum bone turnover markers, and metaphyseal Tb.N, Th.Sp or TBMD.

		Untreated	Sweetener	Ampicillin	Vancomycin	Neomycin	Metronidazole	Cocktail
Cortical Bone Histomorphometry (n=6/group)	Periosteum Mineralizing Surface	0.42 ± 0.12 (0.23, 0.58)	0.68 ± 0.14 (0.51, 0.87)	0.46 ± 0.26 (0.00, 0.73)	0.34 ± 0.19 (0.13, 0.57)	0.54 ± 0.26 (0.23, 0.83)	0.46 ± 0.45 (0.01, 1.25)	0.35 ± 0.22 (0.01, 0.58)
	Periosteum MAR (μm/day)	2.59 ± 1.09 (1.39, 4.54)	3.05 ± 0.60 (2.17, 3.60)	2.04 ± 1.15 (0.00, 3.11)	1.17 ± 1.40 (0.00, 3.31)	3.23 ± 1.10 (1.85, 4.50)	2.10 ± 1.85 (0.00, 4.46)	1.68 ± 1.34 (0.00, 3.03)
	Endosteum Mineralizing Surface	0.71 ± 0.28 (0.32, 1.04)	0.51 ± 0.12 (0.34, 0.63)	0.65 ± 0.34 (0.00, 0.91)	0.65 ± 0.21 (0.40, 0.99)	0.85 ± 0.27 (0.46, 1.28)	0.69 ± 0.30 (0.32, 1.08)	0.74 ± 0.31 (0.20, 1.13)
	Endosteum MAR (μm/day)	2.62 ± 1.01 (1.33, 4.19)	2.60 ± 0.85 (1.65, 3.74)	2.07 ± 1.19 (0.00, 3.42)	1.82 ± 1.10 (0.00, 3.02)	2.23 ± 0.71 (1.67, 3.54)	2.23 ± 0.44 (1.71, 2.79)	2.08 ± 1.10 (0.00, 2.89)
Serum Bone Turnover Markers (n=7–10/group)	Serum PINP (ng/mL)	22.38 ± 3.71 (18.16, 29.23)	22.45 ± 7.38 (9.71, 32.91)	22.27 ± 5.36 (16.92, 31.80)	19.70 ± 9.86 (4.41, 32.39)	24.01 ± 5.35 (17.52, 34.68)	21.95 ± 11.51 (3.17, 38.73)	26.97 ± 4.96 (17.81, 31.91)
	Serum CTX-I (ng/mL)	25.04 ± 16.45 (11.96, 58.05)	19.94 ± 3.24 (17.00, 27.26)	22.96 ± 20.66 (10.61, 69.27)	21.51 ± 6.16 (14.66, 31.27)	17.63 ± 2.93 (13.07, 21.84)	17.07 ± 4.69 (11.81, 24.57)	35.54 ± 18.81 (19.34, 63.31)
Metaphyseal Cancellous Bone (n=6/group)	BV/TV	0.15 ± 0.05 (0.10, 0.22)	0.21 ± 0.02 $ (0.19, 0.23)	0.13 ± 0.04 (0.08, 0.18)	0.13 ± 0.03 (0.09, 0.17)	0.11 ± 0.02 (0.08, 0.14)	0.13 ± 0.04 (0.09, 0.20)	0.13 ± 0.02 (0.10, 0.16)
	Tb.Th (mm)	0.05 ± 0.005 (0.04, 0.06)	0.05 ± 0.006 # (0.05, 0.06)	0.04 ± 0.004 (0.04, 0.05)	0.04 ± 0.004 (0.04, 0.05)	0.04 ± 0.001 (0.040, 0.043)	0.04 ± 0.005 (0.04, 0.05)	0.04 ± 0.004 (0.04, 0.05)
	Tb.N (1/mm)	4.69 ± 0.48 (4.20, 5.60)	5.20 ± 0.24 (4.90, 5.63)	4.92 ± 0.38 (4.30, 5.24)	5.13 ± 0.18 (4.82, 5.32)	4.83 ± 0.48 (4.25, 5.38)	4.89 ± 0.32 (4.32, 5.19)	5.01 ± 0.32 (4.63, 5.53)
	Tb.Sp (mm)	0.21 ± 0.02 (0.17, 0.23)	0.18 ± 0.01 (0.17, 0.19)	0.20 ± 0.02 (0.19, 0.23)	0.19 ± 0.01 (0.18, 0.20)	0.20 ± 0.02 (0.18, 0.23)	0.20 ± 0.02 (0.19, 0.23)	0.19 ± 0.01 (0.17, 0.21)

^$Sweetener v. Untreated (p=0.036), Ampicillin (p = 0.005), Vancomycin (p=0.002), Neomycin (p < 0.001), Metronidazole (p=0.003), Cocktail (p =0.003)

^#Sweetener v. Ampicillin (p = 0.009), Vancomycin (p < 0.001), Neomycin (p = 0.001), Metronidazole (p = 0.022), Cocktail (p =0.001)