FIGURE 3.
Effects of 6-methyl-2-heptanone on the cell-membrane permeability of A. solani hyphae. (A) Fluorescence microscopy imaging of A. solani hyphae treated with 6-methyl-2-heptanone and a control group. Membrane permeability changes in A. solani mycelial cells were detected using SYTOX Green dye after a 6-h incubation with an EC50 value of 6-methyl-2-heptanone. Green fluorescence illumination in treated samples signifies membrane damage in fungal cells. The phase channel showed all fungal cells on bright-field images, and the SYTOX Green channel showed cells attached or inserted with SYTOX Green labeled; the merge channel showed the proportion of SYTOX Green-labeled cells. (B) Effects of 6-methyl-2-heptanone on ATP release from A. solani. The changes in the extracellular ATP levels of A. solani represent cell-membrane damage. The ATP level was measured using an ATP kit based on a luminescent ATP assay and is presented in relative light units. The results are presented as the means ± SDs (n = 3).