TABLE 3.
Multinomial logistic regression of post-migration educational investments.
| P(Y = 1) | P(Y = 2) | P(Y = 3) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No schooling | Schooling, no diploma | Schooling, diploma | ||||
| Variables | dy/dx | se | dy/dx | se | dy/dx | se |
| Education in origin country (ref = secondary, lower) | ||||||
| None | 0.058* | (0.033) | 0.031 | (0.030) | −0.089*** | (0.023) |
| Primary, < 5 years | 0.128** | (0.054) | −0.024 | (0.044) | −0.104** | (0.042) |
| Primary, > 5 years | 0.026 | (0.027) | −0.014 | (0.021) | −0.012 | (0.022) |
| Secondary, higher | −0.051** | (0.023) | 0.006 | (0.019) | 0.045** | (0.019) |
| Tertiary | −0.124*** | (0.027) | 0.026 | (0.022) | 0.098*** | (0.023) |
| Length of stay in Netherlands | −0.012*** | (0.003) | −0.007*** | (0.002) | 0.019*** | (0.002) |
| Integration course (ref = never followed) | ||||||
| Followed, no diploma | 0.038 | (0.026) | 0.017 | (0.023) | −0.056*** | (0.020) |
| Followed, currently enrolled | 0.084*** | (0.029) | 0.030 | (0.026) | −0.114*** | (0.020) |
| Followed, diploma | −0.107*** | (0.020) | 0.046*** | (0.017) | 0.061*** | (0.016) |
| Participated in language course | −0.076*** | (0.018) | 0.041*** | (0.014) | 0.035** | (0.015) |
| Recognition of foreign education (ref = never applied) | ||||||
| Applied, currently pending | 0.071 | (0.048) | −0.033 | (0.034) | −0.038 | (0.042) |
| Applied, not recognized | −0.146*** | (0.026) | 0.091*** | (0.023) | 0.055*** | (0.018) |
| Applied, recognized | −0.147*** | (0.028) | 0.101*** | (0.026) | 0.046** | (0.020) |
| National origin group (ref = Afghanistan) | ||||||
| Iraq | 0.019 | (0.021) | −0.041*** | (0.014) | 0.023 | (0.019) |
| Iran | −0.102*** | (0.025) | 0.013 | (0.018) | 0.089*** | (0.022) |
| Former Yugoslavia | 0.023 | (0.023) | −0.052*** | (0.015) | 0.029 | (0.021) |
| Somalia | 0.063** | (0.025) | −0.025 | (0.018) | −0.038* | (0.021) |
| Female | 0.052*** | (0.015) | −0.010 | (0.012) | −0.043*** | (0.012) |
| Age at migration (ref = 26–27) | ||||||
| 18–19 | −0.176*** | (0.037) | 0.050 | (0.031) | 0.126*** | (0.034) |
| 20–21 | −0.125*** | (0.033) | 0.069** | (0.027) | 0.056** | (0.027) |
| 22–23 | −0.099*** | (0.031) | 0.040 | (0.025) | 0.059** | (0.026) |
| 24–25 | −0.059* | (0.031) | 0.061** | (0.026) | −0.002 | (0.025) |
| 28–29 | 0.065** | (0.029) | −0.029 | (0.022) | −0.036 | (0.023) |
| 30–39 | 0.062** | (0.024) | −0.016 | (0.019) | −0.046** | (0.019) |
| 40–49 | 0.118*** | (0.028) | −0.044** | (0.021) | −0.074*** | (0.023) |
| 50–65 | 0.220*** | (0.032) | −0.088*** | (0.024) | −0.131*** | (0.025) |
Note: Presented are average marginal effects. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. N = 3,385.