TABLE 2.
Effect of tannins on platelet activity.
| Tannin/extract/fraction | Dose/concentration | Effect | Material | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human studies in vitro | |||||
| bPGG from Rhus verniciflua | IC50 1.6 × 10−1 mM | ↓ aggregation induced by collagen ( a 0.2 μg/ml) | Whole blood | Jeon et al. (2006) | |
| IC50 1.77 × 10−1 mM | ↓ aggregation induced by ADP (15 µM) | ||||
| IC50 2.2 × 10−1 mM | ↓ aggregation induced by AA (0.5 mM) | ||||
| 500 μg/ml | ↓ P-selectin expression induced by ADP (10 µM) | ||||
| 500 μg/ml | ↓ calcium mobilization | Platelet-rich plasma | |||
| aPGG | 1–10 µM | ↓ expression of P-selectin induced by thrombin (0.1 U/ml) | Washed platelets | Perveen et al. (2011) | |
| 0.3–10 µM | ↓ secretion of ATP induced by thrombin (0.1 U/ml) | ||||
| 1–10 µM | ↓ aggregation induced by ADP (5 µM) | ||||
| 0.3–10 µM | ↓ aggregation induced by collagen (2.5 μg/ml) | ||||
| 10 µM | ↓ decrease in cAMP level induced by thrombin (0.1 U/ml) and ADP (10 µM) | ||||
| No changes in basal cAMP level in nontreated platelets | |||||
| 3–10 µM | ↓ elevation of intracellular calcium concentration induced by thrombin (0.1 U/ml) | ||||
| 10 µM | ↓ phosphorylation of Akt | ||||
| Pomegranate extract | 3.3–6.6 µM polyphenol concentration | ↓ aggregation induced by AA (two times the threshold concentration) | Washed platelets | Mattiello et al. (2009) | |
| 2–6.6 µM polyphenol concentration | ↓ aggregation induced by collagen (0.1–5 mg/L) | ||||
| 2–6.6 µM polyphenol concentration | ↓ calcium mobilization induced by collagen (5 mg/L) or AA (0.05 mM) | ||||
| 1–2 µM polyphenol concentration | ↓ TXA2 production in platelets treated with collagen (5 mg/L) or AA (0.05 mM) | Stirred washed platelets | |||
| 2–6.6 µM polyphenol concentration | ↓ H2O2 production in platelets stimulated with collagen (8 mg/L) or AA (0.05 mM) | Washed platelets | |||
| Cinnamtannin 1B | 10 µM | ↓ thrombin (0.5 U/ml)-induced and H2O2 (10 µM)-induced activation and translocation of caspase 3 and caspase 9 | Washed platelets | Bouaziz et al. (2007a) | |
| 10 µM | ↓ H2O2 (10 µM)-induced PS exposure | ||||
| 1–100 µM | ↓ thrombin-induced (0.5 U/ml) PS exposure | ||||
| 0.1–10 µM | ↓ thrombin (0.1 U/ml or 0.5 U/ml)-induced aggregation | Amor et al. (2007); Bouaziz et al. (2007b) | |||
| 10 µM | ↓ ADP (10 µM)-induced aggregation | Amor et al. (2007) | |||
| ↓ thrombin (0.1 U/ml)-induced microtubular reorganization | Amor et al. (2007) | ||||
| ↓ thrombin (0.1 U/ml)-induced Btk activation | Amor et al. (2007) | ||||
| ↓ thrombin-induced (0.5 U/ml) ROS generation | Washed platelets from patients with type 2 diabetes | Bouaziz et al. (2007b) | |||
| ↓ thrombin-induced (0.5 U/ml) increase in intracellular calcium concentration | |||||
| ↓ thrombin (0.5 U/ml)-induced platelet aggregation | |||||
| Water–methanolic fraction of water–methanolic extract from Medemia argun nuts | 5–50 μg/ml | ↓ ONOO− (100 µM)-induced protein nitration | Washed platelets | Morel et al. (2014) | |
| ↓ protein carbonylation | |||||
| 0.5–50 μg/ml | ↓ thiol group oxidation | ||||
| ↑ GSH level | |||||
| 5–50 μg/ml | ↓ protein nitration | Plasma protein | |||
| 0.5–50 μg/ml | ↓ protein carbonylation | ||||
| ↓ thiol group oxidation | |||||
| ↑ GSH level | |||||
| Rugosin E from Rosa rugosa | Half-maximal effective concentration (EC50): 3.2 µM | Proaggregatory effect | Washed platelets | Teng et al. (1997) | |
| Human study in vivo | |||||
| Cocoa flavanols and procyanidins | 234 mg for 28 days | ↓ ADP (8 µM)-induced aggregation | Whole blood | Murphy et al. (2003) | |
| ↓ collagen (2 μg/ml)-induced aggregation | |||||
| ↓ collagen (2 μg/ml)-induced ATP release | |||||
| ↓ ADP (3 μM, 10 µM)-induced P-selectin expression | |||||
| No changes in AA (1 mM)-induced aggregation | |||||
| Animal studies in vitro | |||||
| Tannin/extract/fraction | Dose/concentration | Effect | Species/pathology | Material | References |
| Methanolic fraction of aqueous extract from Arbutus unedo leaves | IC50 0.7 g/L | ↓ aggregation induced by thrombin (0.5 U/ml) | Rat | Washed platelets | Mekhfi et al. (2006) |
| bPGG from water–ethanolic extract from the roots of Paeonia suffruticosa | 25–500 µM | ↓ platelet adhesion to collagen (50 μg/ml) | Rat | Washed platelets | Qiu et al. (2017) |
| 100 µM | ↑ expression of coronin 1B | ||||
| bPGG | 400 µM | ↓ PLCβ phosphorylation induced by thrombin (0.05 U/ml) | Rabbit | Washed platelets | Lee et al. (2014) |
| Rugosin E from R. rugosa | EC50 1.5 µM | Proaggregatory effect | Rabbit | Washed platelets | Teng et al. (1997) |
| bPGG, O-trigalloyl-beta-D-glucose, isocorilagin isolated from the ethyl acetate extract from the seeds of Picrorhiza kurroa | All in 100 μg/ml | Inhibition of COX-1 | COX-1 from ram seminal vesicles | In vitro | Zhang et al. (2004) |
| B-type procyanidin trimer and tetramer vs A-type procyanidins | IC50 16 and 10 μM vs. 18–35% inhibition at 50 µM | Inhibition of PLA2 | — | Fluorometric assay | Lambert et al. (2012) |
| Animal studies in vivo | |||||
| Extract from Potentilla erecta rhizome | 400 mg for 14 days | ↓ TXA2 synthesis | Rat | Whole blood | Marcinczyk et al. (2017) |
| No changes in collagen (5 μL/ml)-induced aggregation | |||||
| 100–400 mg/kg for 14 days | ↓ procoagulant platelet activity | STZ-induced diabetic rat | Whole blood | Marcinczyk et al. (2021a) | |
| aPGG | Single oral administration at 20 mg/kg | ↓ aggregation induced by ADP (1–10 µM) | Mouse | Platelet-rich plasma | Perveen et al. (2011) |
| ↓ aggregation induced by collagen (1–4 μg/ml) | |||||
| PGG isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of water–ethanolic extract from Paeoniae rubra radix | 7-day intravenous injection at 5 mg/kg | ↓ TXB2 level | Rat injected with adrenaline | Serum | Xie et al. (2017) |
a
The concentration of agonist is mentioned in brackets.