. 2022 Jan 13;12:806891. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.806891

TABLE 3.

Effect of tannins on experimental models of thrombosis.

Venous thrombosis
Treatment	Model of thrombosis	Main outcome	Proposed mechanism	References
• Grape seeds procyanidins	• Venous thrombosis induced by inferior vena cava ligation in rats before treatment with grape seed procyanidins	• Decreased thrombus weight	• Improvement of endothelial function	Zhang et al. (2011)
• 14-Day oral treatment at a dose of 400 mg/kg after vena cava ligation	• Therapeutic model	• Suppression of P-selectin, vWf, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 expression on vessel wall	• Anti-inflammatory effect
		• Increased expression of ADAMTS13 (responsible for degradation of vWf multimers to shorter fragments, limits the procoagulant activity of vWf) on the vessel wall
		• Increased endothelial cell integrity
		• Counteraction against leukocyte adhesion to endothelium
		• Decreased serum level of proinflammatory cytokines: IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα
• Grape seed procyanidins	• Venous thrombosis induced by inferior vena cava ligation in rats after treatment with grape seed procyanidins	• No effect on thrombus weight	• Improvement of endothelial function caused mainly by the increase in NO release	De Curtis et al. (2003)
• 30-Day oral treatment at a dose of 3.4 g/rat or single intravenous injection at a dose of 5–15 mg/kg before vena cava ligation	• Preventive model	• Prolongation of bleeding time
	• Preventive model	• No changes in APTT, PT, and platelet adhesion to collagen
Arterial thrombosis
• Extract from Potentilla erecta rhizome	• Electrical-induced thrombosis, rat carotid artery	• Decreased thrombus weight	• Platelet inhibition	Marcinczyk et al. (2017)
• 14-Day oral treatment at a dose of 400 mg/kg	• Preventive model	• Prolonged time to artery occlusion	• Inhibition of thromboxane synthesis	Marcinczyk et al. (2017)
• Extract from Potentilla erecta rhizome	• Electrical-induced thrombosis, rat carotid artery	• Increased thrombus weight	• Enhanced fibrin formation	Marcinczyk et al. (2021a)
• 14-Day oral treatment at a dose of 200 mg/kg (STZ-induced diabetic rats)	• Preventive model	• Increased thrombus weight	• Attenuated fibrinolysis	Marcinczyk et al. (2021a)
• Corilagin	• Electrical-induced thrombosis, rat carotid artery. Therapeutic model	• Restoring the blood flow in the occluded rat carotid artery	• Enhancement of fibrinolytic response	Shen et al. (2003)
• Single intravenous injection at a dose of 1.25–5 mg/kg after thrombus formation		• Thrombolytic effect at a dose of 5 mg/kg was comparable to the thrombolytic effect after urokinase (20,000 U/kg) administration
		• No changes in ADP-induced, AA-induced, or PAF-induced rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro
• Grape seed procyanidins	• Helium-neon laser + Evans blue-induced thrombosis in a mouse carotid artery	• Decreased thrombus size	• Platelet inhibition	Sano et al. (2005)
• Single intraarterial injection at a dose of 20 mg/kg or two oral administrations (2 × 200 mg/kg with 30-min interval)	• Preventive model	• Reduced shear-stress-induced platelet activation ex vivo after repeated oral administration	• Platelet inhibition	Sano et al. (2005)
Other models
• Extract from P. erecta rhizome	• Ferric chloride-induced thrombosis, mouse mesentery vein	• Decreased PS exposure	• Platelet inhibition	Marcinczyk et al. (2017)
• 2-day oral treatment at a dose of 400 mg/kg	• Parietal thrombus	• Reduced the extent of PS exposure at a dose of 400 mg/kg to the extent comparable to aspirin (one single oral administration, 100 mg/kg)	• Inhibition of thromboxane synthesis
	• Preventive model		• Inhibition of thromboxane synthesis
• Extract from P. erecta rhizome	• Laser-induced thrombosis	• Decreased thrombus area (100 mg/kg)	• Platelet inhibition	Marcinczyk et al. (2021a)
• 14-day oral treatment in STZ-induced diabetic mice	• Preventive model	• Decreased P-selectin secretion (100 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg)	• Platelet inhibition	Marcinczyk et al. (2021a)