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. 2022 Jan 13;12:778951. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.778951

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Copyright © 2022 Porcaro, Nemirovsky, Riganello, Mansour, Cerasa, Tonin, Stojanoski and Soddu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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This schematization summarizes the main methods used to distinguish diagnosis between VS/UWS and MCS. Clinical examination scales are illustrated using a timeline indicating implementation or modification of existing scales since 1974. Next, neuroimaging methods commonly used such as PET and fMRI in DOC patients are listed. Finally, electrophysiological methods and different approaches for feature extraction from EEG are listed as well as different tasks implemented by using EEG. Advantages and disadvantages are also summarized for each method. GCS, Glasgow coma scale; CRS, Coma recovery scale; CRS-R, Coma recovery scale-revised; FOUR, Full outline of unresponsiveness; STAR, Sensory tool to assess responsiveness; EEG, electroencephalogram; QEEG, Quantitative analysis of electroencephalogram; ERP, Event-Related potential; MMN, Mismatch negativity; TMS, Transcranial magnetic stimulation.