Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of ACCREDIT participants according to the primary outcome of death within 7 days of admission.
| Clinical features | Number of patients | Mean [± SD] or proportion (%) | Median [± IQR] | Primary outcome (n = 241) | Odds ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-admission variables | |||||
| Age (years) | 1004 | 74.1 [61.5, 86.7] | 77 [66-84] | <0.001 | |
| Sex | 1004 | >0.05 | |||
| Male | 609/1004 (60.7) | ||||
| Female | 395/1004 (39.3) | ||||
| Type of diabetes | 1003 | ||||
| Type 1 | 48/1003 (4.8) | 0.05 | 0.43 [0.18, 1.01] | ||
| Type 2 | 941/1003 (93.8) | 0.04 | 2.52 [1.06, 5.98] | ||
| Other | 6/1003 (0.5) | – | – | ||
| Diagnosed on admission | 9/1003 (0.8) | – | – | ||
| Weight (kg) | 736 | 81.2 [79.6, 82.8] | 78.5 [66.1, 92.3] | 0.47 | |
| BMI | 687 | 28.9 [28.4, 29.4] | 27.6 [23.9, 32.4] | 0.52 | |
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 16/687 (2.3) | ||||
| 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 | 207/687 (30.1) | ||||
| 25-29.9 kg/m2 | 205/687 (29.8) | ||||
| 30 kg/m2 and above | 259/687 (37.7) | ||||
| Ethnicity | 1004 | >0.05 | |||
| White | 952/1004 (94.8) | ||||
| Black African, Caribbean, or Black British | 11/1004 (1.1) | ||||
| Asian | 9/1004 (0.9) | ||||
| Mixed or multiple ethic groups | 3/1004 (0.2) | ||||
| Other ethnic group | 8/1004 (0.7) | ||||
| Unknown | 21/1004 (2.1) | ||||
| Index of Multiple Deprivation a | 959 | >0.05 | |||
| 1 | 296/959 (30.9) | ||||
| 2 | 138/959 (14.4) | ||||
| 3 | 84/959 (8.8) | ||||
| 4 | 91/959 (9.5) | ||||
| 5 | 54/959 (5.6) | ||||
| 6 | 58/959 (6.0) | ||||
| 7 | 60/959 (6.3) | ||||
| 8 | 58/959 (6.0) | ||||
| 9 | 63/959 (6.6) | ||||
| 10 | 57/959 (5.9) | ||||
| Smoking status | 1004 | >0.05 | |||
| Never | 364 | 364/1004 (36.3) | |||
| Current | 67 | 67/1004 (6.7) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 327 | 327/1004 (32.6) | |||
| Unknown | 246 | 246/1004 (24.5) | |||
| Duration of diabetes (in years) | 696 | 12.4 [11.8, 13.0] | 12 [6, 17] | 0.61 | |
| Latest HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 943 | 61.2 [60.0, 62.5] | 56 [47, 71] | 0.05 | |
| UACR (mg/mmol) | 595 | 23.4 [16.8, 30.0] | 2.5 [0.77, 9.8] | 0.86 | |
| Insulin | 273/997 (27.4) | 0.38 | 0.86 [0.62, 1.20] | ||
| DPP4 inhibitor | 181/1001 (18.1) | 0.81 | 0.95 [0.65, 1.40] | ||
| ACE inhibitor | 278/998 (27.9) | 0.21 | 0.81 [0.58, 1.13] | ||
| ARB | 129/999 (12.9) | 0.49 | 1.16 [0.76, 1.77] | ||
| Hypertension | 599/986 (60.8) | 0.15 | 0.80 [0.60, 1.08] | ||
| COPD | 150/870 (17.2) | 0.12 | 1.37 [0.93, 2.04] | ||
| Documented foot ulcers | 95/928 (10.2) | 0.08 | 0.6 [0.34, 1.06] | ||
| IHD | 429/991 (43.3) | 0.56 | 1.09 [0.81, 1.46] | ||
| CVD | 186/998 (18.6) | 0.17 | 1.29 [0.90, 1.84] | ||
| PVD | 133/955 (13.9) | 0.28 | 1.25 [0.83, 1.90] | ||
| CKD | 302/994 (30.4) | 0.02 | 1.45 [1.06, 1.97] | ||
| Peripheral neuropathy | 144/783 (18.4) | 0.98 | 1.01 [0.66, 1.54] | ||
| Retinopathy | 221/734 (30.1) | 0.34 | 0.83 [0.57, 1.21] | ||
| Microvascular complications b | 498/1004 (49.6) | 0.17 | 1.23 [0.92, 1.64] | ||
| Macrovascular complications c | 564/1004 (56.2) | 0.21 | 1.21 [0.90, 1.62] | ||
| Admission variables | |||||
| Random non-fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | 949 | 9.5 [9.2, 9.8] | 8.2 [6.1, 11.4] | 0.87 | |
| CRP (mg/l) | 858 | 97.2 [91.4, 103.0] | 76.5 [34, 136] | <0.001 | |
| Absolute lymphocyte count (109/l) | 992 | 1.06 [1.0, 1.15] | 0.88 [0.6, 1.2] | 0.001 | |
| Troponin (ng/l) | 238 | 168.0 [48.9, 287.1] | 27.2 [13, 58.3] | 0.27 | |
| D-dimer (ng/ml) | 166 | 1952 [1528, 2376] | 1071 [524, 2120] | 0.04 | |
| Insulin infusion required | 97/988 (9.8) | 0.02 | 0.5 [0.28, 0.9] | ||
| DKA or ketosis | 27/996 (2.7) | 0.49 | 0.7 [0.26, 1.88] | ||
| Escalation of insulin or anti-hyperglycaemic therapy | 117/980 (11.9) | 0.22 | 0.74 [0.46, 1.20] | ||
| Severe hypoglycaemia | 52/998 (5.2) | 0.40 | 0.74 [0.37, 1.50] | ||
| Steroid use during admission | 124/991 (12.5) | 0.64 | 0.9[0.57, 1.40] | ||
| Oxygen use during admission | 654/880 (74.3) | <0.001 | 7.76 [4.24, 14.21] |
a
Index of Multiple Deprivation presented in deciles, 1 being the most deprived and 10 being the least deprived.
b
composite of CKD, retinopathy, and neuropathy.
c
composite of IHD, CVD, and PVD.
UACR, urine albumin:creatinine ratio; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis.