Table 2.
Association of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and GAGM and adverse maternal outcomes.
| Variables | Normal | Obese alone | GAGM alone | Obese with GAGM | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIH, n (%) | 34 (1.9) | 21 (8.2) | 25 (4.1) | 30 (15.8) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 4.478 (2.556–7.845)* | 2.173 (1.285–3.673)* | 9.436 (5.627–15.823) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 4.045 (2.286–7.156)* | 1.993 (1.171–3.393)* | 8.495 (4.982–14.485) | <0.001 |
| Preeclampsia, n (%) | 23 (1.3) | 10 (3.9) | 18 (3) | 12 (6.3) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 3.031 (1.426–6.445) | 2.300 (1.232–4.292)* | 5.047 (2.470–10.316) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 2.649 (1.224–5.735) | 2.129 (1.128–4.017)* | 4.643 (2.217–9.727) | <0.001 |
| CS, n (%) | 634 (36.3) | 125 (48.6) | 274 (45.4) | 121 (63.7) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.659 (1.275–2.159)* | 1.455 (1.206–1.755)* | 3.073 (2.251–4.195) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.589 (1.212–2.083)* | 1.328 (1.095–1.611)* | 2.627 (1.908–3.617) | <0.001 |
| Preterm delivery, n (%) | 93 (5.3) | 27 (10.5) | 44 (7.3) | 25 (13.2) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 2.085 (1.329–3.271) | 1.396 (0.963–2.023)* | 2.691 (1.683–4.305) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR a (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.899 (1.205–2.993) | 1.358 (0.937–1.968)* | 2.301 (1.423–3.720) | 0.001 |
| Postpartum hemorrhage, n (%) | 38 (2.2) | 7 (2.7) | 10 (1.6) | 6 (3.0) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.258 (0.556–2.847) | 0.756 (0.374–1.527) | 1.465 (0.611–3.512) | 0.582 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.254 (0.552–2.848) | 0.739 (0.364–1.500) | 1.405 (0.579–3.412) | 0.591 |
| Placenta previa, n (%) | 22 (1.3) | 4 (1.6) | 11 (1.8) | 6 (3.2) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.238 (0.423–3.623) | 1.453 (0.700–3.014) | 2.554 (1.022–6.379) | 0.233 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.938 (0.314–2.799) | 1.231 (0.586–2.589) | 1.877 (0.731–4.819) | 0.590 |
| Placenta abruption, n (%) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 3.404 (0.308–37.678) | – | – | 0.802 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 3.199 (0.277–36.965) | – | – | 0.833 |
| Dystocia, n (%) | 39 (2.2) | 2 (0.8) | 11 (1.8) | 4 (2.1) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.343 (0.082–1.429) | 0.811 (0.413–1.595) | 0.941 (0.332–2.662) | 0.500 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.404 (0.096–1.688) | 0.925 (0.467–1.832) | 1.248 (0.435–3.586) | |
| Total adverse maternal outcomes, n (%) | 741 (42.5) | 153 (59.5) | 321 (53.1) | 140 (73.4) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.993 (1.527–2.602)* | 1.537 (1.276–1.851)* | 3.794 (2.710–5.312) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.762 (1.331–2.332)* | 1.365 (1.122–1.659)* | 3.228 (2.272–4.587) | <0.001 |
Adjusted OR: adjusted for maternal age, gestational age, and primiparity. Adjusted ORa: adjusted for maternal age, and primiparity. *p < 0.05 vs. obese with GAGM.