Table 3.

Association of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and GAGM and adverse neonatal outcomes.

Variables	Normal	Obese alone	GAGM alone	Obese with GAGM	p value
Low birth weight, n (%)	53 (3.0)	12 (4.7)	28 (4.6)	15 (7.9)
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	1.564 (0.824–2.968)	1.552 (0.972–2.477)	2.736 (1.511–4.956)	0.006
Adjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	0.999 (0.460–2.169)*	1.429 (0.837–2.438)	2.539 (1.295–4.981)	0.045
Macrosomia, n (%)	80 (4.6)	25 (9.7)	51 (8.4)	33 (17.4)
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	2.243 (1.402–3.587)*	1.919 (1.334–2.763)*	4.375 (2.825–6.774)	<0.001
Adjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	2.449 (1.517–3.954)*	1.966 (1.356–2.851)*	4.576 (2.895–7.233)	<0.001
Fetal asphyxia, n (%)	17 (1.0)	4 (1.6)	11 (1.8)	5 (2.6)
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	1.607 (0.536–4.814)	1.886 (0.878–4.048)	2.747 (1.002–7.532)	0.165
Adjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	0.808 (0.207–3.147)	1.754 (0.695–4.426)	2.966 (1.303–9.740)	0.230
Fetal distress, n (%)	43 (2.5)	9 (3.5)	9 (1.5)	4 (2.1)
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	1.436 (0.692–2.983)	0.599 (0.290–1.236)	0.851 (0.302–2.398)	0.320
Adjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	1.633 (0.781–3.413)	0.666 (0.321–1.382)	1.069 (0.375–3.047)	0.318
Fetal deformities, n (%)	14 (0.8)	6 (2.3)	8(1.3)	1 (0.5)
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	0.375 (0.037–3.795)	1.660 (0.693–3.976)	1.660 (0.693–3.976)	0.130
Adjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	1.835 (0.565–5.964)	1.036 (0.336–3.195)	0.375 (0.037–3.795)	0.570
Stillbirth, n (%)	7 (0.4)	3 (1.2)	5 (0.8)	2 (1.0)
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	2.933 (0.753–11.413)	1.655 (0.483–5.674)	2.641 (0.545–12.806)	0.373
Adjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	1.489 (0.300–7.390)	1.130 (0.279–4.582)	2.078 (0.348–12.394)	0.860
Total adverse neonatal outcomes, n (%)	182 (10.4)	51 (19.8)	95 (15.7)	56 (29.5)
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	2.216 (1.509–2.996)*	1.603 (1.227–2.094)*	3.589 (2.535–5.018)	<0.001
Adjusted OR (95% CI)	1 (ref)	1.951 (1.361–2.798)*	1.547 (1.170–2.046)*	3.557 (2.471–5.122)	<0.001

Adjusted OR: adjusted for maternal age, gestational age, and primiparity.

^*p < 0.05 vs. obese with GAGM.