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. 2022 Jan 6;8:792831. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2021.792831

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Copyright © 2022 Ashby, Rosset, Henke and Anderson.

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A: Force produced by MIDA ampulla actuated by a 3 kV square wave at 0.5 Hz. B: Force produced by MIDA ampulla actuated by a 5 kV square wave at 0.5 Hz.