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. 2022 Jan 6;8:792831. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2021.792831

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Copyright © 2022 Ashby, Rosset, Henke and Anderson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Production of the PILA actuator. Starting at stage I with the silicone base layer (Wacker Elastosil^®2030), this is plasma treated (II) to activate the surface for bonding with a similarly tre’ated second layer to produce the different thickness sections (III). A PET mask is used (IV) to selectively spray-coat the conductive electrode mixture onto the active areas (V). This process is then repeated on the other side for the ground electrodes (VII). Finally a thin layer of SEBS-g-MA (maleic anhydride grafted styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) co-block polymer is applied to reduce gas permeability.